paper 2

Question 1

true or false “mental processes are studied directly by making inferences”

Answer 1

false

Question 2

1 reason why schema is useful/not useful

Answer 2

useful: prevents us from being overstimulated by our environment/having to process too much information
not useful: may cause biased recall/make us see what we expect

Question 3

displacement

Answer 3

focus of strong emotiom is expressed on a neutral/alternative person/object

Question 4

denial

Answer 4

when someone refuses to accept reality

Question 5

repression

Answer 5

when someone buries a memory or thought deep into their subconscious/mind and avoid it

Question 6

compare behaviourist and biological approach

Answer 6

• nature/nurture
• scientific methods
• both reductionist
• applications to abnormal treatment
• both determinist

Question 7

ANS

Answer 7

governs vital functons

Question 8

SNS

Answer 8

Governs muscle movement and receives information from sensory receptors

Question 9

sympathetic nervous system

Answer 9

increases heart rate, activates the “fight or flight” response

Question 10

parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 10

decreases heart rate, activates “rest and digest” response

Question 11

how many directions can information travel at a synapse

Answer 11

1

Question 12

why can neurons only transmit information in one direction at a synapse (3)

Answer 12

• the signal can’t go backward due to necessary structures which are only in the presynaptic terminal
• neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic membrane
• receptors are only found on the postsynaptic membrane

Question 13

Summarise the ‘fight or flight’ response (4)

Answer 13

1. Stressor activates the pituitary
2. Activates sympathetic nervous system
3. Adrenaline (stress hormone) released from adrenal medulla into the bloodstream, causing changes around body
4. Once threat has passed the parasympathetic nervous system ‘rest and digest’ response is activated

Question 14

how are signals in/between neurons transmitted

Answer 14

signals are transmitted electrically within a neuron but transmitted chemically across the synapse between neurons

Question 15

chemical transmission

Answer 15

where neurons communicate with each other using neurotransmitters

Question 16

neurotransmitters

Answer 16

chemical messengers

Question 17

explain the 5 stages of chemical transmission

Answer 17

1. electrical impulse travels down the axon of the presynaptic neuron
2. triggers release of neurotransmitters in tiny sacs called synaptic vesicles
3. neurotransmitters are then released into the synaptic cleft
4. neurotransmitters bind receptors on the postsynaptic neuron
5. binding generates a response in the postsynaptic neuron (exhiting or inhibiting it)

Question 18

exogenous zeitgebers

Answer 18

external changes in the environment (eg. light) that help regulate biological cycles (eg. the sleep/wake cycle)

Question 19

why does light have such a powerful effect on sleep

Answer 19

light is one of the most powerful exogenous zeitgebers because it influences the production of melatonin which is one of the key hormones that helps control sleep

Question 20

discuss what julia could do to encourage her baby to sleep more at night

Answer 20

• establish a night routine
• dim the lights
• expose the baby to natural light during the day

Question 21

julia and her baby evaluations (8 marker)

Answer 21

(s) studies show light has an impact in regulating sleep. Gooley et al. (2003) found light exposure during the day can help promote babies to sleep at might
(L) young babies may have not developed their own internal biological clocks also known as exogenous pacemakers. meaning the child may be less responsive to external cues so julia has to be patient

Question 22

endogenous pacemaker

Answer 22

internal biological clocks (eg. SCN provides information from the eyes about light)

Question 23

what do external cues effect on endogenous pacemakers

Answer 23

may influence/entrain biological rhythms (endogenous pacemakers)

Question 24

does the production or suppression of melatonin influence people’s sleep/wake cycle

Answer 24

suppression

Question 25

why is the mean the most appropriate measure of central tendency for this set of data (table of the hours julia’s baby slept in the night and day in 1 week)

Answer 25

- the mean takes into account and uses all the data so it is more representative than other data measures - data is time and time is therefore interval data

Question 26

pilot study

Answer 26

small-scale trial runs of investigations

Question 27

two reasons why a psychologist decides to conduct a pilot study for their investigation

Answer 27

- to see if there are any modifications needed to be made - to see if studying [___] is possible/feasible

Question 28

qualitative data

Answer 28

non-numerical data expressed in words

Question 29

1 strength of using qualitative data

Answer 29

enables the reseaecher to develop a deep understanding of the content as it is richer in detail

Question 30

quantitative data

Answer 30

numerical data

Question 31

strength of quantitative data

Answer 31

easier to analyse so comparisons between groups can be made

Question 32

one limitation of qualitative and quantitative data

Answer 32

- difficult to analyse and hard to identify patterns to make comparisons - less rich in meaning, less detail than qualitative data, lower external validity

Question 33

standard deviation

Answer 33

measure of amount of dispertion in a set of data measures

Question 34

investigator effects

Answer 34

any influence of the researchers behaviour/characteristics on participants/data/outcome

Question 35

2 ways how investigator effects can be minimised

Answer 35

- train interviewers to ask questions in a neutral tone - ensure all interviewers were all male or female - ensure students/participants interviewed were interviewed by someone of the same gender as themselves

Question 36

field experiment

Answer 36

natural setting, researcher goes to particpants, IV manipulated and the effect on the DV is recorded

Question 37

natural experiment

Answer 37

researcher observed and measures the effect of naturally occurring events/condition on participants without manipulating the IV

Question 38

quasi-experiment

Answer 38

examines cause-effect relationships on pre-existing differences between people

Question 39

Another researcher who did not know the purpose of the study carried out a content analysis of the interview data. Explain hiw this content analysis could have been conducted (4)

Answer 39

- identify important categories from the interviews - include examples of possible categories - repeatedly listen to segments of the recordinf - tally the number of occurences of each of the categories

Question 40

The psychologist wanted to assess the reliability of content analysis. Explain how reliability of content analysis could be assessed. (4 marks)

Answer 40

- test-retest reliability: repeat content analysis on a second occassion using the same interview data, compare results of two tests - inter-rated reliability: use a second person to work with the original researcher and compare observations from different observers

Question 41

is the y axis left or right

Answer 41

left

Question 42

is the iv top or bottom

Answer 42

bottom

Question 43

is the iv top or bottom

Answer 43

bottom

Question 44

ethical guidelines

Answer 44

- no pressure to consent - right to withdraw at any time - right to withdraw their data from the experiment - data wil be kept confidential and anonymous - fee free to ask the researcher questions at any time - receive full debrief at the end of the programme

Question 45

format and style of consent form:

Answer 45

- requires participants agreement - written as a form participants need to sign - includes space for participant to sign form - includes space for particopant to wrte te dTe - includes space for partiocpant to print their name

Question 46

2 ways to improve validity in a study

Answer 46

- ensure anonymity (not responding to demand characteristics) - questionairres (lie scale control) - include more questions/ do watever to make the aim of the study not obvious (study not obvious= reduces demand characteristics)