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Geography > Paper 2 > Flashcards

Paper 2 Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

What is rural to urban migration?

A

the movement of people from rural areas to urban areas

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2
Q

What are the push factors for rural to urban migration?

A
  • natural disasters
  • war and conflict
  • lack of opportunites and employment
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3
Q

What are the pull factors of rural to urban migration?

A
  • more jobs
  • better eductation and healthcare
  • increases quality of life
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4
Q

What is natural increase?

A

when the birth rate is greater than the death rate

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5
Q

What are the causes of increases birth rate?

A
  • migration often involves young adults. When there is a high percentage of the population of child bearing age this leads to a higher birth rate
  • in the UK migrant groups have higher fertility rate
  • lack of contraception or eductation about family planning.
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6
Q

What are the causes of lower death rate?

A
  • a higher life expectancy is due to supplies of clean water, better living conditions and diet
  • improved medical facilities help lower infant mortality rate and raise life expectancies
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7
Q

Where are most of the megacities located?

A

more than two thirds of the current megacities are located in either NEEs or LICs. The majority are in Asia

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8
Q

What does sustainable urban living mean?

A

being able to live in cities in ways that do not pollute the enviroment and using resources in ways that ensure future generations can also use them. Sustainable living should ensure that all facilities necassary for people are available, and that areas are economically viable

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9
Q

What are the four ways of sustainable urban living?

A

water conservation
energy conservation
creating green space
water recycling

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10
Q

how do you conserve water?

A
  • rainwater harvesting provides water for gardens and for flushing toilets
  • installing water meters discourages water use. Dual flushes on toilets flush less water
  • educating people on using less water
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11
Q

How do you conserve energy?

A

Using less fossil fuels can reduce the rate of climate change
- promoting renewable energy sources e.g solar panels, insulation
- making homes and appliences more energy efficient
- encouraging poeple to use less energy
- using wood in buildings instead of bricks

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12
Q

How does creating green space create sustainable urban living

A

creating green spaces in urban areas can improve places for people who want to live there
- provide natural cooler areas for people to relax in
- encourages people to exersise
- reduces the risk of flooding from surface runoff
- reduces airborne particals

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13
Q

How does waste recycling create sustainable urban living?

A

more recycling means fewer resources are used. Less waste reduces the amount that eventually goes to landfill. This reduces waste gases (methane) and contamination of water sources
- collection of household waste
- more local recycling facilities
- greater awareness of the benefits in recycling

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14
Q

What is the distribution of population and cities in the UK?

A

The location of most Uk cities is linked to the availability of natural resources (particularly coal), or near to the coast for imports, and the subsequent location of industry during the industrial revolution. This is because coal was the original source of power for the factories e.g Glasgow, Newcastle, Nottingham and Cardiff

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15
Q

What is the location of Rio de Janeiro?

A
  • South East Brazil
  • Megacity - 17 million
  • until 1960 was the capital of Brazil
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16
Q

What is the local importance of Rio de Janeiro?

A
  • 12 million people live there
  • Provides jobs in banking, finance and insurance
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17
Q

What is the national importance of Rio de Janeiro?

A

5% of Brazils GNI output

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18
Q

What is the global importance of Rio de Janeiro?

A
  • Exports coffee, sugar, iron ore
  • 2014 FIFA World Cup
  • 2016 summer Olympics
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19
Q

Why has Rio de Janeiro’s population increased?

A
  • Natural increase more births then deaths
  • Rural to urban migration due to the range of push and pull factors
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20
Q

What are the social opportunities in Rio de Janeiro?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • access to services (health and education)
  • access to resources (water)
  • supply and energy
  • cultural Capital of Brazil
21
Q

What are the economic opportunities in Rio de Janeiro?

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A
  • well paid jobs in the banking, finance and insurance
  • jobs with tourists (hotel and tour guides)
    ~ stunning beaches
    ~ Christ the Redeemer statue
  • Brazil’s second most important industrial centre (5% of Brazils GDP)
22
Q

How do you spell Rio de ~~~~~?

23
Q

What is the largest favela called in Rio de Janeiro?

Study These Flashcards
A

Rocinha with 100,000 people living in it

24
Q

What are the challenges of squatter settlements?

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A
  • houses are poorly built as they are illegal settlements
  • steep slopes mean that landslides are a risk
  • 30% of people have no electricity
25
What are the social challenges of Rio de Janeiro?
- 12% of Rio’s population do not have access to to clean running water - 30% of the population in Rio de Janeiro is not connected to a sanitation system - only half of all children continue their education beyond 14
26
What are the economic challenges in Rio de Janeiro?
- Unemployment rates are as high as 20% - around 1.1 million people work in the informal sector - Robbery and violent crime often occurs
27
What are the environmental challenges of Rio de Janeiro?
- air pollution (5000 deaths per year, cars have increased by 40% - Water pollution (Guanabara bay is heavily polluted) - waste pollution (steep slopes in the favelas mean that they struggle to collect waste, causes cholera)
28
What is the case study of an NEE/LIC?
Rio de Janeiro
29
What is the example of urban planning scheme in an LIC/NEE?
Favela Bairro Project
30
What is a site and service scheme and what is the example?
- local authorities provide land and services for residents to build their own homes - Favela Bairro Project
31
What are the improvements of the Favela Bairro Project?
- the government has installed a cable car where local people are given a free return each day (reduces travel times from 2 hours walking to 15 minutes) - Police pacifying unit has been set up with approximately 300 officers patrolling the communities in the favelas - runs a free education programme for children living in favelas - health centres are introduced to support people with drug and alcohol abuse
32
What are the problems with the Favela Bairro Project?
- only 60/600 favelas have been improved - newly built infrastructure is not being maintained and residents don’t have the resources or skills to make repairs - budget of $1 billion is not enough for all favelas - rents have risen so poorest inhabitants are even worse off
33
What is the case study a major Uk city?
Leeds
34
Why is Leeds an important city?
- Over 110,000 people commuting to work in Leeds from outside the district every day - Leeds is the fastest growing city in the UK - in the last decade £617 million had been invested in Leeds City Centre to further enhance its facilities - Leeds Bradford International Airport is one of the fastest growing regional airports in the UK. 75% growth over the last 5 years.
35
What are the challenges created by urban change?
Deindustrialisation Social Economic Environmental
36
What are the social challenges created by unban change?
- Urban deprivation, inequalities in housing, education and employment - In armley 23.2% of people do net have any qualifications and are not contributing to the economy because all of the factories were shut down.
37
What are the economic challenges erected by urban change?
- Industrial mills in kirkstall closed down in the 1970s. Many people lost their jobs.
38
What are the environenter challenges created by urban change?.
- Derelict buildings on brownfield land = graffiti - urban sprawl means people are travelling further to work which increases carbon dioxide emissions - litter in deprived areas can trap wildlife
39
What is national migration?
Rural to urban or between cities in the UK
40
What is international migration?
When people have moved here from abroad
41
How has migration impacted the growth of Leeds?
- Urban sprawl is occurring with areas on the rural urban fringe, losing greenfield land as more houses are built - population of Leeds has increased by 5.1% between 2001 and 2011, from 715,600 to 751,500
42
How has migration impacted the culture of Leeds?
- Migration has led to a diverse culture in Leeds e.g West Indies carnival - Diverse food opportunities are available from restaurantes and take away such as china town - migration can lead to segregation of different ethnicities. Lead to conflict intolerance and violence.
43
What are the social opportunities created by urban change?
- cultural mix ~ increased tolerance / rich cultures - urban greening has created areas for recreation - new developments for entertainment (Leeds arena)
44
What are the economic opportunities created by urban change?
- employment (trinity) - transport (airport)
45
What are the environmental opportunities created by urban change?
- urban greening (trees provide a carbon store and green spaces reduce urban heat. Also new habitats)
46
What is the example of an urban regeneration project?
Leeds greenhouse development, Beeston
47
Why did the Leeds Greenhouse project site need regenerating?
- derelict 1930s building - Graffiti - no economic value - no jobs - need for more houses in the centre of Leeds - wasted brownfield site
48
Why is the Greenhouse development project a suitable example for sustainable urban development?
- first carbon-zero mixed use development in the UK, more energy produced than used - large wind turbines provide homes/businesses with electricity - facilities on site reduce the need to travel - sports centre, office, shops, medical centre - sustainable transport - car share clubs, green buses, cycle roots and storage

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