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PAPER 2 Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

cell differentiation

A

the process by which a cell becomes specialised to its function

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2
Q

stem cell

A

an undifferentiated cell that can divide to produce many specialised cells of the same type

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3
Q

spongy mesophyll

A

a tissue in plant leaves that is specialised for gas exchange

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4
Q

stomata

A

small holes on the surface of a leaf that allow carbon dioxide and oxygen to diffuse in and out of the leaf for photosynthesis

they also control water loss

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5
Q

memory cell

A

an immune cell that can recognise a previously encountered pathogen either from infection or vaccination and produce specific antibodies against the pathogen quickly

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6
Q

root hair cells

A

specialised cells responsible for the absorption of water and mineral ions from the soil

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7
Q

transpiration

A

water loss from plant leaves and shoots via diffusion and evaporation

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8
Q

vaccination

A

the introduction of small quantities of dead or inactive pathogens into the body, stimulating antibody production by white blood cells

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9
Q

ADH

A

a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that increases the reabsorption of water into the kidney tubules

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10
Q

bladder

A

the organ that collects and stores urine

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11
Q

bowman’s capsule

A

cup-like structure at the start of the nephron, where the filtrate from the glomerulus is collected before being passed through to the tubules

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12
Q

collecting duct

A

final part of the nephron before the ureter, where water is selectively reabsorbed (osmoregulation) depending on the levels of secreted ADH

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13
Q

convoluted tubules

A

tubes of the nephron through which the filtrate flows

substances from the filtrate are reabsorbed into the blood in the PCT

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14
Q

glomerulus

A

where high pressure blood is filtered into the glomerular filtrate, with RBCs and large proteins being left in the blood

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15
Q

loop of henle

A

where water and salts are reabsorbed

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16
Q

nephron

A

functional unit of the kidney

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17
Q

osmoregulation

A

the regulation of bodily water levels

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18
Q

selective reabsorption

A

the selective uptake of useful substances into the blood

takes place along the nephron

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19
Q

ultrafiltration

A

filtration of blood at the glomerulus to produce the glomerular filtrate of glucose, salts, urea and water

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20
Q

ureter

A

tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder

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21
Q

urethra

A

tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

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22
Q

urine

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A

waste product of the kidney, contains water, urea and ions

23
Q

FSH

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A

hormone secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate the growth of follicles in the ovary and the production of oestrogen

24
Q

LH

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A

hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that initiates the release of an egg from the ovary during ovulation

25
anticodon
part of a tRNA molecule that is complementary to the codon on a corresponding molecule of mRNA
26
codominance
when two different alleles are both expressed in the phenotype
27
codon
a sequence of three bases on the mRNA molecule. each codon corresponds to a particular amino acid
28
complementary base pairing
how the bases in nucleic acids pair. adenine pairs with thymine. cytosine pairs with guanine
29
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid double stranded polymer with a double helix shape that carries genetic material each polymer strand contains four bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), thymine (T)
30
mRNA
molecule of RNA that has a complementary sequence to a specific DNA molecule. mRNA molecule is formed in the nucleus it then moves to the ribosomes for protein synthesis
31
mutagens
chemicals that increase frequency of mutations e.g. tobacco smoke
32
protein synthesis
the formation of a protein from a gene
33
ribosome
organelles that are the site of translation during protein synthesis
34
RNA
single-stranded molecule that contains the same bases as DNA, except that thymine (T) is replaced with uracil (U)
35
transcription
first stage of protein synthesis mRNA molecule is synthesised in the nucleus mRNA is complementary to a particular sequence of DNA
36
translation
second phase of protein synthesis takes place in the ribosomes mRNA is used as a template for the attachment of tRNA molecules with complementary anticodons amino acids on tRNA molecules are joined to form a protein
37
tRNA
form of RNA that carries specific amino acids to the ribosomes for translation
38
biodiversity
the variety of living organisms in an ecosystem
39
quadrat
square grid of known area used in sampling to determine the abundance and distribution of organisms in an ecosystem
40
decomposers
organisms that release enzymes which catalyse the breakdown of dead material into simpler organic matter
41
denitrifying bacteria
bacteria that converts nitrates in the soil into nitrogen gas
42
nitrifying bacteria
bacteria in the soil that converts ammonia into nitrates
43
nitrogen cycle
cycle through which nitrogen moves between living organisms and the environment
44
nitrogen-fixing bacteria
microorganisms that convert atmospheric nitrogen gas into nitrates found in the soil
45
evapotranspiration
loss of water from trees by evaporation and transpiration the water vapour condenses in the atmosphere forming clouds, and returns to the trees as rain
46
leaching
the loss of plant nutrients from the soil when fertilisers run off the land into lakes and rivers may be due to rain or irrigation, and can lead to eutrophication
47
interspecific predation
when an organism of one species kills an organism of a different species for food e.g. fish preying on other fish of a different species prevented by separating species into different tanks
48
intraspecific predation
when an organism of one species kills an organism of the same species for food e.g. fish preying on other fish of the same species for food prevented by separating fish of different ages and sizes into tanks
49
cloning
the production of an organism genetically identical to another one
50
diploid nucleus
a nucleus that contains two sets of chromosomes it is inserted into an enucleated egg cell during cloning
51
explants
small samples of a parent plant used in micropropagation
52
micropropagation
the multiplication of plants using tissue culture methods can be used to produce a large number of plants all genetically identical with desired characterstics
53
tissue culture
a method of growing living tissue or cells in a suitable medium to produce clone plants

Biology (1 decks)

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