paper 2 Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
what is Quantitative data
A
a measurement which which has been quantified as a number
for example a time in seconds, goals scored
2
Q
what is Qualitative data
A
This type of data concerns descriptions, thoughts and opinions. It looks at how good you think you are in a certain factor. measuring the quality of a performance
3
Q
Methods for collecting quantitative data
A
Fitness Tests
Heart rate monitors
Questionnaires
Surveys
4
Q
Methods for collecting qualitative data
A
interviews and observations
5
Q
what is the input in information processing
A
information that is received from the senses
the learner becomes more skilled they selectively attend the correct cues and information
6
Q
what is the decision making in information processing
A
interprets the input using its short and long-term memory and decides what, when, where and how the learner responds
7
Q
what is the output in information processing
A
information sent to muscles to carry out the response
8
Q
what is the feedback in information processing
A
will indicate whether or not the response was correct and successful
received via self (intrinsic) and/or others (extrinsic)
9
Q
what are the 4 types of guidance
A
visual (seeing)
verbal (hearing)
manual (assist movement – physical)
mechanical (use of objects/aids)
10
Q
what is visual guidance
A
seeing the skill being preformed
examples
demonstration – sometimes by the coach or another performer, usually highlighting certain aspects that are important
image – a photo, diagram or drawing of the skill
video – either an example of the skill being performed or a recording of the performer’s own performance
observation – of a game or another performer
11
Q
what is verbal guidance
A
someone verbally instructing you
examples
coaching points – given by the coach and relating to the technique of the performance
feedback – from the coach
peer feedback – from other performers
questioning – by the coach so the performer is prompted to self-evaluate
12
Q
what is manual guidance
A
when a performer is physically guided or supported by the coach
examples
when a coach guides an athlete’s arm to mimic a javelin throw
when a coach supports a gymnast to do a backflip
13
Q
what is mechanical guidance
A
when the performer is guided by equipment to support the learner whilst practicing the skill
examples
using a float in swimming to develop leg action and body position in front crawl
14
Q
what type of performer does verbal guidance suit
A
beginners need simple verbal guidance
experts need more complicated and detailed verbal guidance
15
Q
what type of performer does visual guidance suit
A
beginners and experts as it can explain the basics or show finer details
16
Q
what type of performer does manual guidance suit
A
beginners as they need to be shown the correct technique
17
Q
what type of performer does mechanical guidance suit
A
beginners as they need to be shown the correct technique
18
Q
what are the 2 types of feedback
A
intrinsic - physical feel of the movement as it is being performed. It is what is felt by the performer as they execute a skill or performance
extrinsic - provided by external sources, during or after a performance. It can come from teachers, coaches, team-mates and also includes things that the performer can hear or see.
19
Q
what is KoP
A
focuses on how well the athlete performed, not the end result.
For example, a footballer may have made lots of good tackles and passes even if their team didn’t win
20
Q
what is KoR
A
focuses on the end of the performance, for example, the performer’s score, time or position. It is sometimes called terminal feedback and can be thought of as the outcome of a performance.
21
Q
what is positive feedback
A
experienced when a performance achieves the intended outcome / feedback that highlights the good parts
example
When a rugby player passes a ball they receive positive feedback when they see that the receiver successfully catches their pass
22
Q
what is negative feedback
A
experienced when a performer does not achieve the intended outcome / highlights the bad parts
example
hitting the bar in football
23
Q
what type of feedback is suitable for beginners
A
more extrinsic feedback to start with. This helps them to acquire the basic skills. However, beginners should also have time to practice on their own so they can begin to get a feel for and grasp those skills
24
Q
what type of feedback is suitable for experts
A
need more intrinsic feedback to refine and master those skills. However, experienced performers will also need extrinsic feedback to overcome persistent problems and to develop more complex skills
25
advantages of intrinsic feedback
helps performers to focus on the feel of a skill
helps performers to solve problems themselves
Helps performers to develop skills independently
gives performers more time to practice
26
advantages of extrinsic feedback
provides new or additional guidance
helps performers identify problems
offers solutions to problems
prevents performers from reaching dead ends
27
what is intrinsic motivation
the inner drive to succeed, engaging in the task or adhering to the activity for fun, enjoyment and satisfaction
28
what is extrinsic motivation
comes from sources outside of the performer and usually involves rewards, for example, prize money, trophies, certificates or recognition
tangible – certificates/trophies, medals
intangible – praise/feedback/applause
29
is intrinsic or extrinsic motivation better
Intrinsic is generally deemed more effective.
Overuse of extrinsic can undermine the strength of intrinsic.
Performer can become reliant on extrinsic.
Intrinsic is more likely to lead to continued effort and participation.
Extrinsic rewards may result in feelings of pride/self-satisfaction
30
characteristics of an introvert
shy/quiet
thoughtful
enjoy being on their own
31
Characteristics of an extrovert
enjoy interaction with others/sociable/aroused by others
enthusiastic/talkative
prone to boredom when isolated/by themselves
32
what sports do extroverts tend to play
there is a fast pace
concentration may need to be low
gross skills are used
eg rugby
33
what sports do introverts tend to play
concentration/precision (fine skill) is required
low arousal is required
eg golf
34
defination of skill
A learned action that can be improved with practice
35
definition of ability
Innate traits that determine performance
36
how to classify skill as basic
applies to multiple sports
beginner level
few decisions needed
simple movements
examples:
walking
running
throwing
catching
37
how to classify a skill as complex
sport specific
requires experienced
multiple decisions need making which may affect success
complex movement or a series of basic movements
Examples:
high jump
tennis serve
cricket bowling
38
how to classify a skill as open
unpredictable enviroment conditions
skill is carried out differently in different conditions
actions of others influence the decisions
performer is not in control of the outcome
Examples:
passing the ball in hockey
tackling in rugby
dribbling in basketball
39
how to classify a skill as closed
stable environment conditions
skill is always carried out in the same way
limited decision making required
performer is fully in control of the outcome
Examples:
tennis serve
gymnastics routine
individual swimming race
40
how to classify a skill as self paced
performer determines when the skill starts
performer determines the pace at which the skill is carried out for
Examples:
golf swing
volleyball serve
long distance run
41
how to classify a skill as externally paced
the start of the skill is determined externally by actions of other players
the pace if the skill is determined externally by the actions of others
examples:
goal save in football
return in tennis
marking in netball
42
how to classify a skill as gross
large movement size
no precision required
large muscle groups
examples:
sprint race
rowing
43
how to classify a skill as fine
small movements that are highly precise
small muscle groups
examples:
table tennis serve
dart throw
archery shot
44
definition of performance goal
A goal relating to individual performance without comparison to others
examples:
improving a 5k time
improving first serve percentage in tennis
better for beginners as outcome goals can result in failure which may demotivate them
45
definition of outcome goals
A goal relating to an end result that involves comparison with others
should be avoided as they reley on factors which cannot be controlled
examples:
Winning a tennis tournament
Scoring a try in a rugby match
Being selected to play hockey at county level
Winning an Olympic gold medal
46
use of SMART goal setting
specific - target states exactly what needs to improved, eg specific muscle that needs to be strengthend
measureble - must be clear when the goal has been achieved, eg lifting a certain weight
accepted - must be agreed with all people involved in training, eg coach and performer agree on the target
realistic - target should be achievable for the individual performer in their specific circumstances, eg performer has the capability to achieve the goal
time bound - target must be able to be met within a certain timeframe, eg performer will hit goal in 6 months
47
definition of arousal
A physical and mental state of excitement
ranges from a deep sleep (low arousal) to intense excitement (high arousal)
arousal needs to be controlled in order to perform optimally as both under and over arousal result in decreased performance level
48
inverted U theory
x axis has arousel level
y axis has performance level
depicts the relationship between arousal and performance
graph is shaped as an inverted U demonstrating as arousal increases, performance increases until the optimum performance. Once above the optimal arousal level, performance levels decrease.
When a participant is under-aroused their performance in their sporting activity or skill may be low; this could be due to boredom or not enough concentration
Over-arousal may also lead to low performance in the participant's activity; this may be due to high levels of stress or anxiety
49
how does optimal arousal levels change according to what sport you are playing
high arousal suits sports requiring gross actions and high energy + power. eg a rugby tackle
low arousal suits sports require fine actions and precision such as putting in golf.
golf has a lower optimum arousal than rugby
50
how can arousal be controlled - deep breathing
carried out before or during sport
Participants would deliberately take longer, controlled breaths in and out:
The body should be relaxed and relatively still
The lungs should be filled with air during ventilation using a slow and controlled inhalation of breath
The exhale should be controlled and slow to release air from the lungs
This should be repeated several times to focus the mind and reach optimal arousal levels
A footballer may do this before taking a penalty
51
how can arousal be controlled - mental rehersal
carried out before or during sport
Mental rehearsal may involve a participant visualising themselves performing a skill perfectly before they attempt it, such as shooting a free throw in basketball, which can help lower arousal to optimal levels
Visualisation and imagery also involve the participant picturing themselves in a safe calm place, this can help control arousal levels
52
how can arousal be controlled - positive self talk
carried out before or during sport
Participants talk to themselves, usually in their heads, with positive affirmations such as "You are well prepared for this" or "You can win this race"
An example is a snooker player telling themselves they "can make the shot" to help lower arousal levels when nervous or anxious
53
definition of indirect aggression
does not involve physical contact
used to gain an advantage over an opponent by making them feel less confident or successful
Aggression is often aimed at an object; this is usually within the rules of the sport
Examples:
a tennis player hitting the ball extremely hard toward their opponent during a rally
a player hitting the ball hard over the net toward their opponent during a volleyball game
54
definition of direct aggression
deliberate physical contact between participants
examples:
rugby tackle
boxing punch
55
social groups
gender
race/religion/culture
age
family/friends/peers
disability
56
factors which contribute to the engagement patterns in social groups
attitudes
role models
accessibility to facilities
media coverage
sexism
stereotyping
culture/religion
family commitments
available leisure time
familiarity
education
adaptability/inclusivity
socio-economic factors / disposable income
57
definition of commercialisation
The process of making a product available for sale for financial gain
refers to the management or utilisation of sports to generate revenue
58
relationship between sport, sponsorship and media
all linked together
sport/sponsorship - sport is an easy way of cheaply advertising products
sponsorship can increase the population of a sport
sponsorship money can improve sporting facilities
sponsorship/media - media can attract sponsorship
businesses need media to promote products
media charges businesses to advertise their products
sport/media - elite sport is media commodity
sport is available to watch all day
media has celebritised sports players
59
definition of sponsorship
a partnership between a sports team, or person, and a business (the sponsor) which provides financial support for the sport
60
definition of media
a company who communicates sports to a wide range of audiences to educate or entertain or advertise
61
types of sponsership
financial
clothing + footwear and equipment
facilities
62
types of media
television
radio
the press
the internet
social media
63
positive impacts of sponsorship and media - on the performer
Sponsorship may provide athletes with additional income; this may give them better access to training facilities, clothing, equipment and footwear which prevent injury and help individual improve
Being in a better financial position may free performers from paid employment, giving them more time for training helping them improve
Performers may be 'gifted' free clothing, equipment or footwear to use, and they may receive payment for wearing branded merchandise
64
positive impacts of sponsorship and media - sport
Increased income from sponsorship for a sport and its teams reduces the pressure to receive income from spectators and fans; focus can instead be put on improving players' skills or raising money for other facilities making a better experience for players and the fans get cheaper tickets
Sponsorship may allow clubs to improve facilities in the sport, such as new equipment, clubhouses, paying for coaching, physiotherapists, and the development of training and outreach programmes helping players improve and reducing injury chance
65
positive impacts of sponsorship and media - official
Officials in professional sports are paid for their role; the more elite and high-profile a sport is, the higher their earnings can be
Officials get the opportunity to travel with the sport which can offer additional benefits, such as time away from daily life and routines
Some officials can become well known within their sport; this can bring in additional income and other opportunities
66
positive impacts of sponsorship and media - audience/spectator
There are better facilities, better players and the sport is played at a higher standard
Spectators can view sports in a variety of ways, such as TV or the internet, from the comfort of their own homes
The use of better technology at matches, such as instant replay, means audiences can be more informed and involved in games
Watching sports on devices means there are a variety of camera angles and commentary used for a better viewing experience
Fans have an array of sports merchandise available to them which allows them to be more integrated with the sport and other fans
More popular sports may have longer seasons and more games which gives more viewing opportunities for audiences
Increased media coverage and sponsorships of sports means there are more sports to view with dedicated sports TV channels, radio, magazines, newspapers and websites
67
positive impacts of sponsorship and media - sponsor/company
Sport in the media can help publicise and raise awareness of a brand; this can increase revenue through increased sales of products
Positivity associated with a sport, e.g. health and fitness, can be transferred to a brand or company; this can help sponsors reach larger audiences and improve their reputation
68
negative impacts of sponsorship and media - on the performer
A high income for performers may give unwanted 'celebrity' status and take them away from normal life, routines and structures; this can cause unwanted attention and impact free time and privacy
Sponsors may give certain conditions in their contracts which may mean performers have to attend particular events or give interviews; this may take away free time or privacy
Performers may have to wear or use clothing or equipment which may not be suitable or to their liking; this may impact performance or go against their values
Poor performance may risk a loss of sponsorship and therefore income; this can put unnecessary pressure on performers to succeed
69
negative impacts of sponsorship and media - sport
Some sponsorships, e.g. from alcoholic products, may give a negative image to the sport; this might distract from the values of the sport and promote other attributes such as poor health
High-income sponsorship is associated with the media and is focused on sports receiving high levels of media interest, such as Premier League football in the UK; this means there is less financial gain for minor sports
70
negative impacts of sponsorship and media - official
The media output associated with some sports can put pressure on officials and bring negative attention to them because of decisions they have made during play; this could lead to losing their jobs or being dropped from the sport entirely
71
negative impacts of sponsorship and media - audience/spectator
Popular sports with more media coverage have higher costs associated with viewing live matches (e.g. ticket prices) or purchasing merchandise; this may limit accessibility for some social groups, such as those with lower incomes
72
negative impacts of sponsorship and media - sponsor/company
The reputation of a brand may be affected negatively by any wrongdoing from a sponsored team or performer; this may affect sales
73
positive impacts of technology - performer
The health of the performer can be monitored through technology, such as heart rate monitors and body fat monitors
Nutrition can be analysed and diets altered by calorie tracking software; this means that performers can maintain peak health before events
The safety of performers has improved due to better technology, such as improved helmets and body armour
Sports equipment and clothing can improve an athlete's performance, e.g. swimwear that reduces drag in the water
Disabled athletes have access to better technology, such as prosthetics
Apps and wearable technology exist that can analyse the performance of performers; this allows for detailed analysis after events and more targeted training goals
74
positive impacts of technology - sport
Instead of humans, technology can now give more accurate analysis and visuals for a game:
Electronic timing
Instant replay
VAR (video assistance referee)
Hawk-Eye - a ball-tracking software to help improve the accuracy of official decisions
75
positive impacts of technology - official
Officials can use technology to improve their decision making, meaning more accurate outcomes for performers and teams
VAR technology allows a team of officials to analyse real-time footage of games and work alongside referees and officials
76
positive impacts of technology - audience/spectator
Spectators can have interactive and immersive viewing opportunities, e.g. through a mobile phone app; this can increase fan engagement
Smart software exists to improve the sound and visual effects for viewing sport in the home, creating a multi-sensory experience
77
positive impacts of technology - sponsor/company
Digital advertising means that sponsors can reach a wider audience
Targeted advertisements on mobile phone apps mean that companies can reach target audiences easily
New technology means a company's brand can be projected onto pitches and buildings or shown on-screen, without the need to install any physical advertisements
78
negative impacts of technology - performer
New technologies cost money; not all performers have the funds to invest in technology to support and improve their performance
Match analysis technology can be used by opponents to identify weaknesses and gain an advantage
Some sports may use technology to cheat, such as electric motors being fitted to racing bikes; this is known as motor doping
79
negative impacts of technology - sport
Sports facilities, clubs and teams with access to better technology have an advantage over those without; this creates an unequal playing field for competitors
80
negative impacts of technology - official
Officials may become over-reliant on technology which means there is a lack of trust between spectators, players and officials
It can take time to analyse digital footage which can slow the game or sport, leading to frustration from performers
81
negative impacts of technology - audience/spectator
New viewing technologies may be too expensive for some spectators, limiting access for all
Spectators may find delays during analysis of digital footage frustrating
82
negative impacts of technology - sponsor/company
As with all sponsorship, any wrongdoing in the sport, or from a performer, can impact a company negatively and decrease their sales and profit
83
definition of etiquette
the unwritten rules, or customs, of a sport; it is expected that performers and participants follow these rules
examples:
kicking the ball out in football if there is an injury
shaking hands after a match
84
definition of sportsmanship
participants play by the rules and within the spirit of the game. It involves respecting others in the sport, including the opposition, and acting graciously upon losing
examples:
congratulating the opposition if they win
helping an injured player
85
definition of gamesmanship
bending the rules in such a way as to not be punished or disciplined for rule-breaking; this is often to gain an advantage over other competitors
examples:
time wasting when winning
distracting an opponent
86
definition of contract to compete
an agreement whereby a player will aim to win and play within the rules whilst allowing other competitors a fair chance to play and win
Examples:
trying your hardest
not doping or cheating
87
positive effects of spectators at matches
creates an atmosphere
home field advantage
88
negative effects of spectators at matches
negative performance of players due to increased pressure
crowd trouble / hooliganism
safety costs/concerns
negative effect on participation levels for younger players
89
reasons for hooliganism
rivalries
hype
fuelled by alcohol/drugs
gang culture
frustration
display of masculinity
90
strategies to combat hooliganism - early kick offs
Local pubs may lose income as a result of this strategy but stops people coming already drunk
91
strategies to combat hooliganism - seat only stadiums
spectators stay in their seats and are not able to move around as much so better control over the number of tickets that can be sold but this is costly to the sport and this cost may be offset by higher ticket prices or reduced funds elsewhere in the sport, e.g. player wages or employment of coaches
92
strategies to combat hooliganism - segregation of fans
This can be costly to police and seating that is purposefully left empty will impact ticket sales and profit but reduces fights due to opposition fans mixing
93
strategies to combat hooliganism - improved security
reduces chances of fights breaking out but is expensive
94
strategies to combat hooliganism - alcohol restrictions
reduces hooliganism as there are less drunk people but negatively effects businesses
95
strategies to combat hooliganism - travel restrictions
stops known hooligans travelling reducing the chance there will be fights but is expensive for police
96
strategies to combat hooliganism - campaigns against
discourages bad behavior but people may not listen and can be very expensive
97
what are the 5 categories of prohibited substances
stimulants
narcotic analgesics
anabolic agents
peptide hormones
diuretics
98
stimulants
increase activity in parts of the brain
positive effects:
increased alertness
decreased reaction time
reduced tiredness
increased aggression
negative effects:
highly addictive
raised blood pressure
reduced sleep quality
increased risk of heart attacks and strokes
examples of stimulants:
caffeine (legal)
amphetamines (illegal)
used in short distance running (eg 100m sprints) to improve reaction time to gun
Jamaican sprinter and track star Asafa Powell was caught using the banned stimulant oxilofrine in 2013.
99
narcotic analgesics
they are very strong pain killers used to numb pain
positive effects:
used to numb pain allowing athletes to play/train through injury and so not miss a big event
negative effects:
may make injury worse by continuing to play and not resting or cause new injury from overtraining
highly addictive with strong withdrawal symptoms
nausea
dizziness
organ damage
hormonal imbalances
examples of narcotic analgesics:
ibuprofen (legal)
morphine (legal if prescribed)
heroin (illegal)
used in sports such as football, rugby, boxing
100
anabolic agents
used to increase muscle mass and muscle growth
positive effects:
improves strength
improves power
recover from injury quicker
negative effects:
addiction to substances
high blood pressure
liver, kidney, heart damage
hormonal imbalances
examples:
anabolic steroids (illegal)
used in sports like weight lifting, cycling, sprinting
Ben Johnson a Canadian sprinter was caught taking steroids and in the 1980s and had his titles stripped
101
peptide hormones
peptide hormones are naturally occurring hormones in the body but athletes can take synthetic versions
positive effects:
improved oxygen carrying capacity as more RBCs produces meaning more efficient transport of O2 and glucose so more aerobic respiration
negative effects:
headaches
nausea
increased viscosity of blood
increased blood pressure
increased risk of strokes
kidney damage
examples:
synthetic EPOs (illegal)
Lance Armstrong was a cyclist who won Tour de France 7 times who was caught using EPOs
102
diuretics
remove excess water from the body
positive effects:
cause rapid weight loss
can mask other PEDs
negative effects:
Electrolyte imbalances
dehydration (and its side effects)
kidney damage
low blood pressure
muscle cramps
examples:
caffeine (legal)
athletes for boxing or horse riding take these to make weight categories as these enable them to quickly lose weight
103
Blood doping
prohibited method
used to increase the number of RBCs in the body
positive effects:
improves oxygen carrying capacity as your RBC count is increased
negative effects:
thickening of blood (viscosity)
potential infection
potential for heart attack
embolism (blockage of vessel)
method:
remove blood from the athlete a few weeks before event
freeze in storage
the athletes body then produces more blood and RBCs to replace removed blood
1-2 days before event, thaw blood and reinject into athlete to increase the RBC count
benefits endurance athletes:
long distance runners
distance swimmers
distance cyclists
cross country skiers
Max Hauke - Austrian Olympic skier was caught blood doping and was banned
104
Beta blockers
reduce effect of adrenaline on the body which improves fine motor controls meaning precise movements can be carried out better
positive effects:
Reduced heart rate
Reduced muscle tension
Reduced blood pressure
reduce the effects of adrenaline
improve fine control/preciseness
negative effects:
nausea
weakness
heart issues
are only legal if they have been prescribed by medical professionals
used in fine motor sports such as archery, shooting, snooker, darts
105
advantages on the performer when taking PEDs
increased chances of success
fame
wealth
level playing field if other athletes are taking PEDs
106
disadvantages on the performer when taking PEDs
cheating
immoral
health risks
fines
bans
reputational damage
107
disadvantages on the sport when taking PEDs
damages reputation
decreased credibility
108
why do we need a balanced diet
A balanced diet contains lots of different types of food to provide the suitable nutrients, vitamins and minerals required
reasons:
maintains good health and prevents disease
unused energy is stored as fat, which could cause obesity (particularly saturated fat)
suitable energy can be available for activity
the body needs nutrients for energy, growth and hydration.
109
what is the role of carbohydrates
main and preferred energy source for all types of exercise, of all intensities
110
what is the role of fat
is an energy source. It provides more energy than carbohydrates but only at low intensity
111
what is the role of protein
for growth and repair of muscle tissue
112
what is the role of vitamins and minerals
for maintaining the efficient working of the body systems and general health
113
what %s should the diet be made up of
55–60% carbohydrate, 25–30% fat, 15–20% protein
114
dehydration definition
excessive loss of body water that interrupts the function of the body
115
what does dehydration result in
blood thickening (increased viscosity), which slows blood flow
increases in heart rate/heart has to work harder/irregular heart rate (rhythm)
increase in body temperature/overheat
slowing of reactions/increased reaction time/poorer decisions
muscle fatigue/cramps.
116
how to prevent dehydration
water balance (hydration)
117
obesity definition
someone with a large content of fat in their body
obesity is caused by an imbalance in the number of calories consumed to used
118
how can obesity affect performance in physical activity and sport
limits stamina/cardiovascular endurance
limits flexibility
limits agility
limits speed/power
119
what physical health problems can obesity cause
cancer
heart disease/heart attacks
diabetes
high cholesterol
120
what mental health problems can obesity cause
depression
loss of confidence
121
what social health problems can obesity cause
inability to socialise
inability to leave home
122
physical health benefits to exercise
improved heart function
improved efficiency of body systems
reduced risk of some illness
ability to do everyday tasks
avoids obesity
123
mental health benefits to exercise
reduces stress and tension
releases feel good hormones
ability to control emotions
124
social health benefits to exercise
opportunities to socialise and make friends
teamwork
cooperation
having essential human needs (shelter, clothes and food)
125
fitness benefits to exercise
improves fitness
reduces chance of injury
aids in the ability to do physical labour
126
definition of sedentary
inactive
127
definition of lifestyle
the way a person lives day to day - their typical behaviour
128
consequences of a sedentary lifestyle
weight gain / obesity
heart disease
hypertension
diabetes
poor sleep
poor self esteem
lethargy
129
definition of endomorph
pear shaped body
wide hips and narrow shoulders
lots of body fat on body and arms and thighs
which sports they are best for:
rugby, powerlifting, heavyweight boxing, linemen in NFL
130
definition of mesomorph
wedge shaped body
muscular appearance with high muscle content and low body fat
broad shoulders
broad chest
thin waist and narrow hips
which sports they are best for:
sprinting, swimming, gymnastics
131
definition of ectomorph
very thin and lean
long arms and legs
narrow shoulders and hips
not much body fat
which sports they are best for:
high jump, long distance running
132
how is energy obtained
by eating food
133
what is energy measured in
calories (kcal)
134
average male daily calories
2500
135
average female daily calories
2000
136
which factors change the amount of calories someone needs to consume
age
gender
height
energy expenditure
