Paper 2 Flashcards

Question

How can a mutation in inzymes be detrimental to protein function

Answer 1

In enzymes, the substrate may no longer be able to bind to the active site. In structural proteins, their strength may be reduced.

Answer 2

As they are different, they may have resistance to already developed antibiotics.

Answer 3

Dominant - always expressed regardless of other allele. Usually represented by a capital letter. Recessive - only expressed if other allele is recessive. Usually represented by a lower case letter

Answer 4

Genotype - combination of alleles an organism has. If two alleles are different, person is heterozygous, if two alleles are the same, person is homozygous. Phenotype - observed characteristic of individual. Based on the individual’s genotype and environment. An example is if earlobes are attached if free. This is where alleles present with determine a characteristic unless environment interferes.

Answer 5

Caused by recessive allele. Disorder of cell membranes where thick sticky mucus builds up in the lungs and digestive system.

Answer 6

Dominant allele. Where sufferer has extra fingers or toes.

Answer 7

Benefits - could prevent suffering from inherited disorders, and during IVF screening would only ensure that they are healthy, it would also save money used on healthcare issues Cons - parents may become selective - could cause ethical issues, expensive in short term, and could raise ethical issues of killing potential life.

Answer 8

Haploid cells

Answer 9

A base A sugar A phosphate

Answer 10

When two populations have changed so much that the two populations can no longer form fertile offspring. Two different species have been formed. A result from evolution.

Answer 11

Within a population different individuals have genetic variation. Individuals possessing genes that make them better adapted ti the environment will survive. Those who survive can breed successfully. The characteristics will be passed down generations.

Answer 12

Picking individuals with best characteristics out of population and breeding them repeatedly, to get offspring with desired characteristics.

Answer 13

Crops - disease resistent characteristics can improve yield as crops survive Animals - breeding animals that produce more milk or meat Dogs - gentle-natured dogs that are better at coexisting either humans. Flowers - selected based jn desired characteristics such as size or Color.

Answer 14

Inbreeding - some characteristics being bred over and over again can cause animal to be more susceptible to disease or inherited defects. Can reduce variation within a population, makinf it harder for species to adapt to environmental change.

Answer 15

A gene that produces insulin is inserted into bacteria so insulin is mass- produced.

Answer 16

A gene that produced vitamin a was inserted into rice to give ppl lacking vitamin a more of it.

Answer 17

Enzymes are used ti cut a desired gene out of a chromosome. The same enzyme is used to cut a vector (a bacterial loop of DNA) or virus. The gene is then inserted using vector into cells. If gene is inserted into cell before they have differentiated, all cells in the organism will have the gene and show the characteristic. Gene is inserted into plants (genetically modified), animals and bacteria

Answer 18

It is uncertain what the long term effects might be. Some think that GM crops will negatively impact wildflower and insect population, reducing biodiversity.

Answer 19

Fossils - show change over time. Antibiotic resistent bacteria through natural selection.

Answer 20

An antibiotic resistance

Answer 21

Doctors avoid prescribing antibiotics unnecessarily, so bacteria won’t develop resistance. Patients must finish full corse of antibiotics to ensure all bacteria are killed. The use of antibiotics in agriculture should be limited.

Answer 22

Hard parts of organisms are gradually replaced by minerals as they decay slowly, creating a rock-like substance. When the sediment surrounding turns to rock, the mineral structure remains distinct.

Answer 23

Decomposers cannot operate in glaciers (extreme low temperatures) or peat bogs (high acidity).

Answer 24

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Answer 25

Archaea - primitive bacteria, which are extremophiles (live in extreme environments) Bacteria - true bacteria Eukaryota - organisms possessing complex sub-cellular structures (protists, fungi, plants & animals)

Answer 26

Light Water Minerals Space

Answer 27

Food Mates Territory

Answer 28

Food Shelter Pollination Seed dispersal

Answer 29

When all species and environmental factors are balanced and population sizes stay more or less constant

Answer 30

Producer Primary consumer Secondary consumer Tertiary consumer Apex predator

Answer 31

As predator increases, so does prey. As prey increases, so does predator

Answer 32

Quadrats (Square frames rhat can be used to estimate population sizes) Transects (a piece of tape that is stretched across the habitat of interest). Quadrats are placed at regular intervals across the transect line. Used to investigate the effect of a factor on the distribution of a species.

Answer 33

Population = number counted x (total survey area / area sampled)

Answer 34

Carbon is present in all living organisms. When organisms die, the carbon is recycled so that it can be used by future generations. Carbon is removed from the atmosphere by producers, who use it in photosynthesis. By consuming plant matter, animals obtain carbon compounds. Carbon is returned into the atmosphere because of the respiration that happens in plant and animal cells. When animals and plants die, decomposers return the carbon locked in their bodies back to the atmosphere via decay. Combustion of fossil fuels is another source of carbon into the atmosphere.

Answer 35

Describes how water moves on, above or just below the surface of our planet between different locations, such as rivers, oceans, or the atmosphere. In order for this cycle to be completed, water has to change state. Water evaporates from the earths surface before rising into the atomesphere Once in the atomesphere the water vapour cools and condenses into either rain or snow, which returns to the earths surface. This becomes surface runoff (into the sea) or will travel through the earth as ground water, which is taken by plants through soil and taken out of the plant through transpiration.

Answer 36

Heat energy from the sun is directed at the atomesphere and some is bounced back into space. Some is absorbed by the atmospheric greenhouse gases and re radiated in all directions. As the atomesphere mic concentrations if greenhouse gases rise there is a risk that the greenhouse effect could become too strong and the temperature could raise too high.

Answer 37

Melting ice leads to risen sea levels, leading to flooding of costal habitats forever, loosing land and biodiversity. More extreme weather events like floods, droughts, severe storms and wildfires. Rising of sea surface temperatures can cause bleaching of sensitive corals. Oceans becoming more acidic makes it harder for corals to build their skeletons More migration patterns are linked to global warming Distribution of harmful species, like malaria carrying mosquitoes. Reduction of biodiversity, as some species cannot adapt quick enough.

Answer 38

Breeding programs for endangered species Protection of rare habitats Incentivising farmers to maintain field margins to support biodiversity. Less deforestation and carbon emissions Recycling waste.

Paper 2 Flashcards

(65 cards)