Paper 2 Flashcards
(33 cards)
What does Urban mean
An area of land that has been built up on,
often a town or city.
What does rural mean
An area of land with few buildings and other
infrastructure, often villages or farmland.
What is migration
The movement of people from one place
to another.
What is rural to urban migration
Movement of people from countryside - city.
What is infrastructure
The structures needed for a place to
function properly e.g. roads, electricity lines, clean water, hospitals.
What is urbanisation
The increasing proportion (%) of
people going to move to towns or cities.
It results in a smaller % of people living in rural areas.
What is suburbanization
The outward growth of people
and businesses towards the edge of a city, making it grow.
WHY? Due to cheaper land or looking for more space.
What is counter-urbanization
The movement of people
from the city to rural areas.
WHY? Due to overcrowding, high costs of living and air & noise pollution in cities. Some people have big families and look for bigger houses that will cost them less.
What is re-urbanization
Reinvesting in run-down areas of
cities that are derelict, to give them a new purpose.
This encourages people to move back to the city.
E.g. Renovating an old factory into apartments.
What causes migration? (Egs)
Push Factor = Something bad/negative that makes
people want to migrate away from an area.
Examples of push factors: War, drought, high cost of living, poor housing, lack of electricity, water pollution and disease, lack of healthcare, low pay.
Pull Factor = Something good/positive that makes people
want to move somewhere.
Examples of pull factors: Better housing, safety, higher paying jobs, good electricity supply, lower cost of living, less pollution, better access to healthcare and education.
What are megacities
Megacity = A city with over 10 million people e.g. London, New York City, Beijing, Mumbai.
Megacities are growing bigger and bigger because of suburbanisation.
By 2030, there will be 43 megacities, mainly popping up in Africa and Asia.
Global Trends in Urbanisation
Urbanisation is increasing across the globe.
Rural-to-urban migration is occurring more than ever before.
What are urbanisation trends like in HICs?
Lower rates of urbanisation, because most people live in towns/cities now anyway.
Counter-urbanisation is occurring in many cities because land is so expensive in HIC cities, so urbanisation might decline in future.
Reurbanisation might happen in some areas of cities, which could help urbanisation.
What are urbanisation trends like in NEEs/LICs?
Much higher rates of urbanisation, as people migrate to the cities in search of betterjobs and iving conditions.
Slum housing (shanty towns) may form because the cities cannot build quickly enough.
What are the functions of a city? (CORE)🏙️
The core layer of the urban model. Oldest part of the city where the original site was. It will often have a cathedral and public-owned buildings. Most businesses locate themselves in high rise offices here. It has the best transport links for commuters coming into the city, but not many people actually live here.
What are the functions of a city? (Inner city )🏭
Second layer of the urban model where factories were located before dein dustrialisation. Most of the land is built on or derelict (brownfield land). Small terraced homes are here, because you could fit many factory families in them in a small area.
What are the functions of a city? (Subarubs)🏡
Third layer of the urban model. Richer people tend to live in these areas, and the houses are detached with more space for families. This area is slowly building bigger houses (detached) on unused land as it’s cheaper. People live in these areas but can commute easily to the city by main roads and public transport.
What are the functions of a city? (Rural urban fringe )🌾
Fourth layer of the urban model - periphery (edge) of the city, with villages. Many businesses try to develop large warehouses / retail parks are here because the land is greenfield, so it’s cheaper to buy and build on. Lots of golf courses here too! Some areas may have poor transport links to the city.
What is Population distribution
How people are dispersed/spread across an area.
What is Even distribution
Population is spread out equally.
What is Uneven distribution
= Population is unequally spread -
some places have lots more people than others.
What is Population density
= Number of people living in 1 km^2
What is Dense population
= Many people living in a small area.
Often cities have high population densities.
What is Sparse population
= Very few people living in a larger area.
Often rural areas (countryside) will have a sparse population.
