Paper 2 Flashcards

Question

PG positives

Answer 1

* They ended capital punishment * They ended press censorship * They released all political prisoners * They disbanded the Okhrana

Answer 2

* Sharing power with Petrograd Soviet * Continuing with war * No clear aims

Answer 3

* March-October 1917 "dual power" * PS more popular with Russians (elected, Order 1, control of army) * PS not blamed for mistakes * Lenin had majority by September

Answer 4

* June Offensive (disaster) * War was highly unpopular * PG felt it was too big to decide themselves * PG wanted to appease Britain and France

Answer 5

Points: * An immediate end to the war as it was a capitalist war * Nationalisation of industry * Land for peasants - nationalisation of land * All power in Russia must be given to the Soviets * End all cooperation with the Provisional Government and any party helping them Simple slogan: "Peace, bread, land" Lenin arrived in Petrograd 3rd April

Answer 6

* Made use of problems (Food shortage, war, delayed elections, land) * Propaganda (widespread by June) * Military (10,000 red guards)

Answer 7

Reasons: * June Offensive * Food shortages * Bolshevik Propaganda Bolsheviks eventually joined the riots 5th July Kerensky sent troops to disperse Important Bolsheviks (Trotsky) arrested Lenin flees to Finland

Answer 8

* September 1917 * Kornilov wanted martial law and military dictatorship * Bolsheviks defended city with 25,000 men * Trotsky sent agitators to make troops desert

Answer 9

* Start of 1917 Bolsheviks 24,000 members * Octover 1917 Bolsheviks 340,000 members * Bolshevils heroes * Army collapsed * 40,000 red guards now armed due to defense from revolt

Answer 10

1. Lenin returns to Russia 2. Military revolution commitee 3. Kerensky tries to stop Bolsheviks 4. Bolsheviks seize control 5. All Russian congress of Soviets

Answer 11

* Mid-october Lenin returns in disguise * Convinced Bolsheviks to revolt * Helped by Trotsky

Answer 12

* Kerensky tries to send all Bolshevik units out of Petrograd * In response PS set up MRC * 21st October Petrograd regiment pledged allegiance to MRC

Answer 13

* Kerensky ordered crackdown (no newspaper, no river crossings) * Trotsky responded by ordering seizure of roads, army HQ and post office by the MRC

Answer 14

* Night of 25-26th October * Seized state bank and winter palace * Propaganda shows as struggle but was really peaceful * Only 5 red guards hurt

Answer 15

* October meeting heard of revolution * Almost all left in protest until only Bolsheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries left * Trotsky said the leavers "belonged to the dustbin of history"

Answer 16

* Key individuals (Lenin and Trotsky) * Did not join the PG, not blamed for problems * Weapons and military support

Answer 17

* 15 Bolsheviks * 1922 became USSR (Russia, Ukraine, Belorussia and Transcaucasus) * Lenine made the Cheka under Dzerzhisky * 1918 alone executed 50k opponents of Bolsheviks

Answer 18

1. Peace - all countries should seek peace, called for armistic with Germany (Unrealistic) 2. Land - Nov 1917 owning land made illegal, gave 500m acres to peasants 3. Nationalities - ethnic minorities free, meant to prevent revolt 4. Workers' rights - 8 hour day and max 48hour week, pensions, unemployment insurance

Answer 19

* Food supply to cities prioritised * Church - Decree of Freedom of Conscience took away church's priviledge, lost all land and power * Women - Women declared = to men, divorce and abortion legalised * Censorship - Non Bolshevik papers banned and cheka repressed protestors

Answer 20

* Nov 1917 elections held for Constituent assembly * Forced into it by Railway Workers threatining to strike * SRs much more popular * 175 Bolsheviks and 410 SRs

Answer 21

* Met in Jan 1918 * CPC (15 Bolsheviks) proposed that CA passed all their decrees * This was rejected by majority of 100 * Lenin sent in the red guard and dissolved the Assembly * Ban on all opposition parties * No more democratic elections until 1991

Answer 22

* Dec 1917 * Russia lost: Ukraine, Poland, Baltic territories, Caucauses and Finland * Russia had to pay 300million gold rubles

Answer 23

* 62million people lost (1/6 of pop) * 27% of farmland * 26% of railways * 74% of iron and coal ore

Answer 24

* Seen as shameful * Food shortages worsened * July 1918 1mil people left Petrograd and workers reduced 60% * Major cause of Civil War

Answer 25

Opposition within Russia * Political opposition such as SRs * Anger at Brest-Litovsk * These became the whites * Wanted a western style government Opposition abroad * Allies were angry about Brest-Litovsk * Worried about communism spreading * Japan sent 70,000 troops to Siberia * Britain sent £100 million to whites

Answer 26

* Made up of several groups on several fronts with no clear goal * Wrangel, Denikin, Yudenich, Kolchack each wanted personal control * Mutual mistrust * Reds were a tightly unified force

Answer 27

* Central area had more railways, population, industry, weapons etc. * Red army was 5.4 million men (1921) from central russia * Whites never had more than 250,000 together * 2.2m rifles from Tsarist stores, 12,000 field guns

Answer 28

* Brilliant organiser * Used 50,000 former Tsarist officers * Harsh military discipline * Used an armoured train for mobile leadership

Answer 29

* Grain requisitioning * Peasants refused to grow excess as it was taken (Production was 37% of what it was in 1913) * Famine of 1921 (No storages of grain) * US sent 1m tonnes of grain and 300 aid workers * 5 million died

Answer 30

* Black market supplied 70% of food * 70% of Petrograds population fled, 50% of Moscow * 4:3:2:1 Rationing * Many anti-communists fled Russia * Strikes = execution

Answer 31

* Sailors previously called "reddest of the red" turned against Bolshies * February 1921 mutiny on Petrpavlovsk which spread to whole naval base * 15,000 mutinied

Answer 32

* Put down with 50,000 soldiers * Majority of rebels killed or exiled * 800 fled to Finland * Made Lenin realise War Communism was not working * Led to NEP March 1921

Answer 33

* Industry 60% of 1913 * 40% of industrial areas lost in B-L * 1919 workers can be moved sectors * 1920 anyone of age could be made to work for state

Answer 34

* Peasants only had enough to feed themselves * 1918 state collecting less than 1m tonnes of grain * by 1920 6m (still too little)

Answer 35

* Peasants in Tambov rebelled and killed requisitioning squads * 50,000 troops sent * Other rebellions cost reds 250k men

Answer 36

* Famine in the Volga region killed 5mil and affected 20mil * Hopes that NEP would restart economy * Element of private ownership would provide incentive for small bussiness * Needed food supply for cities and to increase farm production

Answer 37

* Bolsheviks could not blame Whites for suffering * 1920, 75% of Petrograd factories striking * Tambov uprising and Krostandt revolt

Answer 38

* 10th party congress March 1921 * Free market, no requisition squads * Factories with <20 workers privatised * Experts, 1920-25 20k experts brought from US and Canada * Money * Traders introduced called Nepmen

Answer 39

* Increased production but only to pre-WW1 levels * Few industries reached 1913 production * Grain from 50 to 72 mil tonnes but still not back to 80mil in 1913 * By 1925 Russias imports 9x higher than 1921-22 * Pig iron production in tonnes: 1913 (4 mil), 1921 (0.1 mil), 1925 (1mil)

Answer 40

* NEP was based on prodnalog, a grain tax * Taxed grain in 1922 was 1/2 of volume taken in requisitioning in 1920 * Redistribution meant that by 1927 there were 25m peasant holdings and many earned decent livings * 1928, 5.5m households still used sokha (strip farming)

Answer 41

* 1923 food production meant prices in cities declined * Low industrial production meant high prices of goods * Peasants refused to sell grain as they could not buy goods * Trotsky called it the scissor crisis as food production went down and industry prices went up

Answer 42

* Emergence of Kulaks and Nepmen highly unpopular * Steps taken in 1925 to curb their profits * Old bolsheviks felt it was a betrayal - Kamenev "New Exploitation of the Proletariate" * Lenin had to ban all inter-party groups

Answer 43

* Lenin aimed to have a working light bulb in every Russian household * 1921, 50% of Russian trains off tracks due to damage and lack of workers * 1923, rail system carried 45% more passengers and 59% more goods * 1927 number of passengers and goods passed 1913 levels

Answer 44

1. Personal - He was modest, a powerful speaker, decisive and a superb organiser and planner 2. He was decisive and was clear in shaping the Communist government 3. Without him, there would not have been a revolution in 1917. He persuaded other Bolsheviks to seize power 4. It was largely due to Lenin that the Communists were able to stay in power after 1917 e.g. abandoning War Communism and introducing the NEP 5. He began to allow more freedoms after 1921. Arguments made for him having to use the Cheka to stop chaos.

Answer 45

1. He seized power with a small group which led to a dictatorship 2. He would not share power with other socialists which made the Civil War worse 3. He was ruthless and used methods of terror to stay in charge. Tens of thousands were murdered by the Cheka 4. He stopped other people expressing their opinions. A ban on political parties, no elections, only Communist newspapers and religion was banned 5. He made the Communist Party an organisation for carrying out orders. Members could not disagree with each other 6. He was prepared to see millions of Russians suffer for his ideals e.g. the peasants

Answer 46

Women could not be doctors, women could be nurses * Doctors had to go to Uni (closed to women) * Doctors had to belong to a college (all closed to women)

Answer 47

* Arrived November 1854 * Spring 1855 death rate had fallen from 60% to 2.2% * Deaths peaked in January 1855 with 3,168 that month

Answer 48

* 1859 Wrote 2 books called "Advice on Nursing" * 1860 Established 'Nightingalge training school for nurses': 1. Nurses should have practical training 2. Nurses should live in a moral, disciplined home

Answer 49

* Attended classes for men before being banned from Middlesex * Joined society for Apothecaries in 1865 * Went to Paris University to gain Medical degree

Answer 50

* Founded 1872 by Garret * Staffed entirely by women * 1873 Garret joined BMA, was the last woman for 19 years as they voted against further women being allowed

Answer 51

Allowed women to enter medicine, numbers remained low anyway

Answer 52

* Founded in 1902 during boer war * 300 women in 1914 * 10,000 members by 1918 * 198 Nurses killed in WW1 overall

Answer 53

* Launched in 1907 * Specialists in First Aid

Answer 54

* Women were not permitted at the front * Dr Louisa Garret and Dr Murray led an all womens war hospital in London * Lack of staff at home meant more women qualified, 610 by 1911 and 1500 by 1921

Answer 55

QAIMNS: * Given military ranks * Served in a range of Countries in high danger FANY: * Attached to the 24,000 poles that escaped Poland * Served as radio operators

Answer 56

* Less impactful than WW1 * Femal medical students 2000 in 1939 to 2900 in 1946 * Women worked closer to battle than in WW1

Answer 57

* Published 1842 * James Chadwick * Highlighted the terrible conditions under which poor people were living * Suggested this was limiting economic growth

Answer 58

* 1854, John Snow * Proved Cholera was a water-borne disease * Deaths from an outbreak were centralised around this pump * When the handle was removed the deaths stopped

Answer 59

Demands of empire * Men too weak to fight in war * Boer War highlighted * some areas up to 69% Politics * Rivalry with Conservatives and Labour pushed liberals further left * Labour 2 seats 1900, 29 by 1906

Answer 60

* Britain needed strong army * Concern over health of troops * In Boer War up to 69% of soldiers unfit to fight * Boer war 1899 * Committee on Physical Deterioration

Answer 61

* Rise of socialism in Britain * Conservatives promies changes * 1900 Labour Party formed * Labour, 2 seats in 1900, 29 by 1906 * Threat led to Liberals being even further left leaning

Answer 62

1. 1908 Children and young people act. illegal to abuse kids, commitees set up to ensure welfare, different childrens prisons, child care regulated (Difficult to enforce, conditions still harsh) 2. 1912 School clinics, Medical treatment for Children free in schools (Standard of care varied)

Answer 63

1908 Old Age Pensions act, Over 70s received 5s a week. Claimed by 650,000 people in first year, saved elderly from workhouse, same benfits nationwide. (raised taxes, not generous and could be refused to some people, rich were in uproar)

Answer 64

**National Insurance Act 1911** 1. Part 1, sickness benefit of 10s for 13 weeks. 16 million in scheme, included doctor fees, saved families from ruin. (Decreased after 13 weeks off, forced contribution of 4d a week, no family cover) 2. Part 2, Unemployed workers got 7s 6d a week. 2.5 million workers recieved, helped those in seasonal jobs or short term lay offs. (Families could not survive on this, only for 15 weeks, only for some trades not all)

Answer 65

* Permissive, Board of Health encouraged action but was not mandatory * Allowed towns to: establish a Board of Health, employ a medical officer, organise rubbish and sewage removal * Disbanded in 1878

Answer 66

* Permissive * Terms were temporary, Board of Health ended in 1854 * Very high cost of improving conditions locally * Chadwick was difficult to work with * Local tax increases not popular

Answer 67

Authorities had to: * provide clean water * dispose of sewage * ensure only safe food was sold Must search for dangers to public health "nuisances" and take action to fix it.

Answer 68

1876 - Made it illegal for companies to dump waste , including chemicals into rivers

Answer 69

Gave local governments the power to demolish slum housing.

Answer 70

* 1858 * Heat wave caused excrement in the Thames to dry on shores * Caused incredibly bad smell, near parliament * Showed that Thames was not a safe waste disposal

Answer 71

* Parliament passed an act to build a sewer system * Bazalgette assigned to build it * £3million assigned * Oval shaped sewers made of brick

Answer 72

* Most finished by 1865 * Entirely finished in 1875, for £6.5 million * 2000 Km

Answer 73

1942 Published Will Beveridge Wanted to address 5 problems: 1. Want 2. Disease 3. Ignorance 4. Squalor 5. Idleness

Answer 74

* NHS Bill * Doctors would work for the government rather than privately * They would be paid a salary rather than per patient

Answer 75

1948-1949: 1. 187 Million prescriptions 2. 5.25 Million glasses 3. 8.5 Million treated at dentists

Answer 76

* Miasma * Spontaneous Generation * 4 humours (blood,yellow bile, black bile, phlegm)

Answer 77

* 1861 Louis Pasteur * Employed to find a way to prevent milk spoiling * Discovered micro-organisms and that they could be killed by heating * Had little short term effect by 1878 * Disproved spontaneous generation

Answer 78

* Limited short term impact * Surgery - 20 years later led to Joseph Listers development of antiseptic technique * Public Health - 30 years later vaccines could be made and treatment created due to Germ theory in 40 years

Answer 79

* Born Germany 1843 * Doctor who read Pasteurs work * Rivalry between Pasteur and Koch during Franco-Prussian war (1870-1871)

Answer 80

* 1879 Chicken Cholera vaccine - confirmed Jennas theory * 1881 Anthrax vaccine * 1882 Rabies Vaccine - treated a 9 year old boy

Answer 81

* 1872 discovered a method of staining microbes * 1876 able to identify specific microbe for Anthrax and published findings

Answer 82

Koch is "Father of bacteriology" as he found methods of staining Microbes * 1878 Septiceamia * 1880 growing cultures - Agar jelly * 1882 TB

Answer 83

* 1909, discovered by Paul Ehrlich team * Treated Syphillis

Answer 84

1. 1910 - led team on use of radiation for use against cancer 2. 1911 Nobel Prize, means of measuring radioactivity 3. Outfitted and drove mobile X-ray machines

Answer 85

* Discovered by Gerhard Domagk * Tested on humans 1935 (on Domagks daughter near death) * Gained renown when used to treat FDRs son

Answer 86

* 1928 Alexander Flemming * Accidental discovery * First Antibiotic (biological killer of bacteria) * Flemming did very little with this

Answer 87

* Formed research team 1939 * 1941 tested on humans sucessfully, on a policeman near death * Florey and Chain recieved huge amounts of American Goverment Funding

Answer 88

1. 1942, US government invest largely in Penicillin 2. 1944, Penicillin used on mass on D-Day 3. 1945, US army uses 2 million doses a month

Answer 89

3 main issues: * Pain - all surgery very painful and had to be very fast * Blood - large numbers of patients died from blood loss * Infection - No knowledge of sterlisation or germs

Answer 90

* Ether used in 1847 by Robert Liston * John Snow later used it Limitations - High Flammable, irritated lungs, unknown length of effects

Answer 91

* 1847 James Simpson discovered * 1848 John Snow invents Chloroform inhaler * 1853 John Snow used on Queen Victoria Limitations - Christian opposition, untested Longer surgeries meant more blood loss and infection

Answer 92

* 1884 Cocaine (addictive) * 1898 Heroine (addictive) * 1905 Novocaine (less addictive)

Answer 93

1847. Semmelweis encouraged doctors to wash hands after handling corpses before delivering babies. Decreased infection in child birth. Semmelweis seen as crazy and later incarcirated.

Answer 94

* First used 1865, Lister * Added onto surgical wounds * Noticed more survival in compound fractures and other air-exposed injuries * 1866-70 Listers death rate fell from 45% to 15%

Answer 95

* Methods were not reproduced correctly, so thought to be false * Opposition to Germ theory * Carbolic Acid irritated surgeons skin and was expensive

Answer 96

* 1878 Koch Steam Steriliser * By 1887 all instruments had to be sterilised before use * Ensured no germs ever entered the surgery

Answer 97

* 1881 * Lister discovered Catgut ligatures * These prevented blood loss but later dissolved in the body * Could be soaked in Carbolic Acid

Answer 98

* 1901 * Landsteiner discovers blood groups * Makes it possible to give succesful blood transfusions

Answer 99

* First non-direct transfusion in 1914 * Sodium Citrate (1915) then Glucose Citrate (1916) were anticoagulants discovered * First blood bank on Western front in 1917

Answer 100

* X-rays discovered 1895 by Rontgen * Marie Curie payed for mobile X ray machines with her own money * More machines in Field Hospitals * Limitations, could not detect clothing in wounds and required patients to be still

Answer 101

* A-septic conditions were impossible * Cut away infection and bathe in saline was preffered method * This was the Carrel-Dakin method * Injuries often still led to amputation

Answer 102

* Held femur fractures open to prevent compounding of break * 1914 80% of femur fractures died, 1916 80% survived

Answer 103

* Shrapnel lead to terrible face injuries * Harold Gillies assigned to solve issue of facial injuries * Specific hospital in Sidcup, treated 2,000 patients after the Somme * Facial reconstruction became a key part of rehabilitation

Answer 104

* Soviet Union set up national blood banks in 1930s * Dr Charles Drew discovered blood could be seperated into blood and plasma 1940s

Answer 105

* 1916, Vladmir Filatov developed first Skin Grafts * 1920 Gillies and Kilner published Plastic Surgery of the face

Answer 106

* McIndoe made RAF surgeon in 1938 * McIndoe operated highly experimentally on burned pilots, 'guinea pig club' * Got East Grinstead residents involved with visits to normalise the patients

Paper 2 Flashcards

(130 cards)