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Paper 2 content Flashcards

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1
Q
A
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2
Q

Why is temperature constant when changing state

A

energy is used to overcome potential energy

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3
Q

Define thermal eqm

A

heat flow stops when it reaches the same temp.

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4
Q

what does ΔU +ve mean

A

the system gains internal energy

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5
Q

what does +ΔQ mean

A

system gains heat energy

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6
Q

what does ΔWD mean

A

work done by the system

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7
Q

define specific heat capacity

A

energy to raise 1kg of mass by 1 deg. without change of state

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8
Q

define specific latent heat

A

energy needed to change 1 kg of mass from one state to another without raising its temperature

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9
Q

what state to what state is fusion

A

solid to liquid

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10
Q

what state to what state is vapourisation

A

liquid to gas

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11
Q

similarity of gravitational and electric field [2]

A
  1. follow inverse sq. law
  2. use field lines to represents
  3. have equalpotential lines
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12
Q

differences between gravatational and electric fields [2]

A
  1. g-fields always attract
  2. electric field repels/attract depends on charge
  3. acts on different body (masses/charges)
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13
Q

define fields

A

a region at which a body experiences a non-contact force

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14
Q

What is the gravatational potential at infinity

A

0

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15
Q

main idea of Kepler’s 3rd law

A

T^2 = r^3

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16
Q

how to calculate potential difference

A

ΔV = Vf -Vi

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17
Q

gradient of potential and seperation

A

field strength

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18
Q

area under field strength and seperation graph

A

change in potential

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19
Q

define geosynchronous orbit

A

orbits in the same period as the planet’s

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20
Q

define geostationary

A

special e.g. of geosynchronous

stay above the same spot of the planet

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21
Q

name one use of low orbit

A

weather

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22
Q

direction of electric field lines

A

+ve to -ve

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23
Q

define absolute electric potential

A

WD per unit charge to bring it from infinity to point

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24
Q

What happens potential when moving closer to +ve charge

A

increases - as WD needed for +ve test charge to get closer

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25
what happens to potential when moving away from +ve Q
decreases - no WD by test charge as there's repulsion
26
what happens to potential when moving towards -ve Q
decreases - WD by field - as attracted
27
what is the effect of opposing electric field on capacitance
1. greater electric field strength 2. increases permitivity 3. greater capacitance
28
RC and half life conversion
t1/2 = 0.69RC
29
define magnetic flux density
Force per metre of wire carrying 1A perpendicular to the field
30
Define Faraday's law
emf is proportional to rate of change of magnetic flux
31
Define Lenz's law
Direction of induced emf opposes the motion causing it (change of magnetic flux that causes it0
32
Unit for magnetic flux
Wb
33
Define magnetic flux
Amount of magnetic field passing through an area
34
What is magnetic flux linkage
the amount of magnetic field passing through a coil of wire
35
what is eddy current ?
heat loss caused by the opposing current produced
36
solution to eddy current
laminated core - eddy current can't pass through between layers -amplitude of overall current is lower
37
3 sources of energy loss by transformers
1. eddy current 2. magnetizing and demagnetizing core 3. resistance in coil
38
solution to energy loss to mag and demag core
use softer core - easier to mag and demag
39
solution to resistance in coil
use thicker wires
40
Why is ionising radiation dangerous?
1. DNA alteration 2. cell damage, mutation => cancer 3. change func. of enzymes
41
Define radiation dose
energy absorbed per body mass
42
Define dose equivilent
the measure of damage done by radiation Dose eq. = rad. weighing factor * dose
43
Application of alpha radiation
Smoke alarm 1. allow current to flow 2. won't travel far 3. when smoke present, alpha particles are intercepted 4. triggering alarm
44
application of beta radiation
thickness detector (thicker = less beta passes)
45
app. of gamma radiation
Radiotracers - diagnose without need of surgery - short half life + less ionising Cancer treatments - radiation damages cells -high dosage targeted at centre of tumour - shielding needed to protect staff
46
App. of Carbon-14
radioactive dating - plants take in CO2 as part of photosynthesis - plants stores the C-14 when they die - could be used to date the plant
47
define binding energy
energy needed to split nucleus to its constituents nucleons
48
what is binding energy equivilent to ?
total mass defect E(individual nucleon) > E( in nucleus)
49
Observation from binding energy - mass no. graph [2]
1. three peaks - O, N, He most stable - multiple of alpha 2. highest point - Fe (most stable nucleus) 3. avg. binding energy increases rapidly initially 4. decreases gradually as n. increases
50
E.g. material for fuel rod
Uranium -235
51
E.g. for moderator
1. heavy water 2. graphite
52
material for control rod
1. boron 2. cadmium
53
material for coolant
1. water under pressure 2. carbon dioxide
54
function of moderator
slows down fast neutrons - further fission
55
what is produced in a fission reaction
2 daughter nuclei + 2 or more neutrons
56
func. of control rods
slows down reaction by absorbing neutrons
57
2 main observation of rutherford scattering
1. most alpha particles passes straight through 2. some deflected at large angle
58
conclusion from rutherford scattering
1. atoms have a very small centre 2. nucleus contains almost all the mass
59
3 sources of background radiation
1. radon gas 2. cosmic ray 3. naturally occuring iostopes
60
what processes occurs when too many protons
beta-plus decay electron capture
61
what process occers when too many neutrons
beta-minus decay
62
Why is technetium-99m used for medical diagnose
1. metastable - half life greater than 10^-9 2. emits gamma
63
2 methods to determine the radius
1. estimation by closest approach 2. determination by electron diffraction
64
When does fission occurs
E(starting nucleus)> E(daughter)
65
When does fusion occurs
E(starting nuclei)
66
# fission what happens when mass < critical mass
fission eventually slows down
67
# nuclear reactor How to handle waste
1. encased in cement 2. store underground 3. vitrification 4. cooling in storage 5. further encased with lead containers
68
# nuclear reactors 3 precaution
1. shielding 2. reduce exposure 3. remotely handle with tongs 4. emergency shut-down protocol
69
3 pros of nuclear reactor
1. no production of greenhouse gas 2. highly reliable 3. not weather dependent
70
# nuclear reactors 3 cons
1. dangerous 2. expensive to handle waste 3. have potential to cause catastophic consequence on envrionment and surrounding communities
71
Define mass defect
mass lost that is converted into energy
72
What is needed to be acc. when using GM-counter
1. background 2. corrected distance
73
Assumptions for kinetic theory model
1. Volume of molecules are negligible 2. Collision are elastic 3. Collision time is negligible compared to time between collision 4. No intermolecular forces between molecules
74
Why does a molecule exert a force on the wall of cylinder
1. Direction changes for molecule 2. Therefore change in momentum 3. Resultant force acting on molecule 4. Equal and opposite force acting on cylinder wall

Physics (3 decks)

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