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Geography > Paper 2) Economic Activity and Energy > Flashcards

Paper 2) Economic Activity and Energy Flashcards

1
Q

Economic activity definition

A

Activities carried out by human to earn income and acquire wealth by making, providing, purchasing, or selling goods or services

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2
Q

Employment structure definition

A

The % of workers in primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary sectors. Employment can be classified according to the type of work that is done.

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3
Q

Primary sector definition

A

Working natural resources. The main activities are agriculture, fishing, forestry, mining and quarrying

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4
Q

Secondary sector definition

A

Manufacturing things, or construction

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5
Q

Tertiary sector definition

A

Providing services: doctors, teachers, waiters, hairdressers, banker

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6
Q

Quaternary sector definition

A

Intellectual or knowledge-based economy
-computing, research

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7
Q

Employment structure of the UK

A

1.4% Primary
18% secondary
80% tertiary and quaternary
70,000 USD GDP per capita

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8
Q

Employment structure of Nepal

A

75% primary
7% secondary
18% tertiary
1200 USD GDP per capita

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9
Q

Positives of the quaternary sector

A

-Allows for a specialized space where entrepreneurial thinking becomes key
-Provides countries with an opportunity to focus on finding new ways to support other sectors

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10
Q

Negatives of the quaternary sector

A

-too specialized environment, tends to decline during poor economic circumstances
-Requires significant investment to compensate for highly skilled people

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11
Q

Clark fisher model

A

-Draw it

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12
Q

Agglomeration industries

A

A localized economy where many companies and industries cluster together and benefit from the cost reductions and gains in efficiency from this proximity.
Example: LA for movies, Houston for energy, Silicon Valley for computer technology

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13
Q

Footloose industries

A

An industry that can be at any location without effect of factors of location such as land, labour, climate and capital.
Example: Diamonds, computer chips, and mobile manufacturing

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14
Q

Physical factors affecting the location of industry

A

-flat, unpolluted land (greenfield site)
-natural transport links - rivers
-raw materials/ water supply
-climate
-high environmental quality
-renewable energy sources

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15
Q

Human factors affecting the location of industry

A

-cheap labour
-good housing
-close supply network
-reliable electricity and water supply
-nearby universities - quaternary industries

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16
Q

HIC, MIC, LIC

A

-high income country
-middle income country
-low income country

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17
Q

Reasons for change in the numbers of people employed in each sector

A

-raw materials become exhausted
-new technology
-government policies
-globilisation
-demographic and social change

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18
Q

Change in the numbers of people employed in each sector - raw materials

A

-become exhausted
-manufacturers may change their location

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19
Q

Change in the numbers of people employed in each sector - new technology

A

-Increased mechanisation in agriculture and manufacturing
-reduces demand for labour - less people in the primary sector

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20
Q

Change in the numbers of people employed in each sector - government policies

A

The degree of government intervention in the economy
-minimal in capitalist countries
-complete control in communist countries

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21
Q

Change in the numbers of people employed in each sector - globilisation

A

-advances in transport and communications technology
-countries become increasingly dependent on each other
-therefore all places can concentrate on their economic strength
-e.g. Kenya able to grow fruit, vegetables, flowers for markets in Europe/ cars made in South Korea cheaply shipped around the world

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22
Q

Change in the numbers of people employed in each sector - demographic and social change

A

Populations change over time. Mostly they grow
-more workers
-increased demand for a range of goods and services such as food
-boost the economic sectors.

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23
Q

China’s economic growth facts

A

-in per capita terms, it is still a MIC
-GDP growth has averaged over 9 percent a year
-more than 800 million people have lifted themselves out of poverty
-manufacturing output in China in 1970: 5th
-2015: 1st

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24
Q

China economic sector shifts

A

-shift from primary –> secondary - main cause of China’s recent economic development and prosperity
-secondary sector accounts for half of the country’s GDP, but only a quarter of the labour force
-success mainly due to availability of cheap labour and energy
-large employment in primary sector but contribution to GDP is shrinking

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25
Q

Deindustrialisation in the UK

A

-The secondary sector is decreasing
-people are losing their jobs, factories abandoned
-industrialisation in China is increasing, making manufacturing in the UK redundant

26
Q

Deindustrialisation in the UK - statistics

A

-UK was the world’s first industrial revolution
-50 years ago, manufacturing produced 40% of the country’s economic wealth and employed one-third of the workforce
-today, it produces less than 25% of the wealth and employs less than 20% of the workforce

27
Q

Reasons for the growth in tertiary and quaternary industries in the UK

A

-increase in trade unions and demands for better pay and conditions
-higher wages
-scientific research

28
Q

Reasons for the decline in primary and secondary industries in the UK

A

-increased land use and price for housing - limited space for farming
-cheaper goods, labour abroad
-mechanisation
-falling birth rate

29
Q

Informal sector definition

A

Part of a country’s economy that is not recognised as normal income sources. People do not declare their income and pay no taxes on them. Also known as the ‘black economy’

30
Q

Formal employment

A

Regulated, taxed, contractual work

31
Q

Remittances definition

A

Money sent back from the migrant in their new settlement to their previous settlement, normally to family members to support them

32
Q

Underemployment vs unemployment

A

-Underemployment - when an individual is working not to their full capacity. Working hours are less than they would like
-unemployment - when an individual of working age is not working

33
Q

Advantages of informal employment

A

-it employs large number of people with no alternative employment
-develops skills that can lead to other formal employment opportunities in the future
-no taxes will be raised
-any profits will be spent locally and will stimulate other local activities
-little money needed - easy to start a business

34
Q

Disadvantages of the informal sector

A

-the standard of goods sold are often low - doesn’t generate much money - they have a low wage
-income is irregular and uncertain - instability to workers
-often the activity is illegal and unregulated so the workers are not protected

35
Q

Energy gap definition

A

The difference between a country’s demand for energy and the ability for it to produce that energy from its own sources.

36
Q

Energy mix definition

A

The range of energy sources of a region or country, both renewable and non-renewable.

37
Q

Energy security definition

A

The uninterrupted availability of energy sources at an affordable price.

38
Q

Energy consumption definition

A

The amount of energy used.

39
Q

Primary energy definition definition

A

Fuels that provide energy without undergoing any conversion process, for example coal, natural gas and fuelwood.

40
Q

Secondary energy definition

A

Electricity and petrol which are made from the processing of primary fuels. Leading source of energy today

41
Q

Energy consumption around the world

A

-China - 24% of global primary energy consumption
-US - 17%
-Africa - 3.4%
-world’s energy demand has increased 56% for the last 20 years

42
Q

Advantages of fossil fuels

A

-traditional energy source - power plants, vehicles, industrial plants are built around using them
-many are more reliable than most renewables and are not subject to weather conditions
-new technologies such as carbon capture and storage are emerging that may allow fossil fuel use with less harmful effects to the environment

43
Q

Disadvantages of fossil fuels

A

-extracting and transporting - caused widespread environmental damage from strip mining and accidental oil spills
-releases harmful greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, primarily CO2
-Incorporating carbon capture technologies into existing fossil fuel plants to prevent CO2 emissions is extremely costly
-non renewable

44
Q

Types of non-renewable energy sources

A

-coal
-oil
-natural gas
-nuclear (finite)
-fuelwood (take longer to grow than chop down)

45
Q

Costa Rica’s energy use

A

-majority of electricity comes from hydropower (78%), geothermal (10%)
-less developed
-surrounded by mountains and have easy access to the ocean

46
Q

Advantages of renewable resources

A

-don’t release pollutants into the atmosphere
-found everywhere in the world and cannot be depleted
-costs decreasing as technology advances and once established, maintenance costs are generally low
-trained technicians needed - generate more jobs
-little to no greenhouse emissions

47
Q

Disadvantages of renewable resources

A

-Initial costs high and require careful planning and implementation
-Building dams expensive to build and maintain
-Solar and wind require large land to produce energy quantities competitive with fossil fuel burning
-some are weather dependent, unreliable

48
Q

Types of renewable energy

A

-solar
-wind
-hydroelectric
-geothermal
-tidal
-hydrogen
-biomass

49
Q

Carbon footprint definition

A

The amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere as a result of the activities of a particular individual, organisation, or community.

50
Q

Sustainable use - efficiency

A

-Wall insulation
-Solar panels
-Ground source heat pumps
-Double glazing
-Boiler upgrade

51
Q

Sustainable use - conservation

A

-use solar panels
-renewable bio-based chemicals
-making small lifestyle changes
-transportation
-urban design

52
Q

Sustainable use - home (domestic)

A

-reduce plastic waste, natural cleaning products
-use LED light bulbs
-conserve water (lower shower times)

53
Q

Sustainable use - industry

A

-optimizing energy usage
-distributed energy resources (DER) - onsite solar power, wind power, battery storage
-computer based system that controls everything - lighting, meters, sensors

54
Q

Sustainable use - transport

A

-use electric cars
-use hybrid cars
-more public transport
-phase out of petrol and diesel cars

55
Q

How does increased wealth/ more development results in a greater use of energy per capita

A

-more infrastructure, buildings - use up more energy
-afford to use energy for electricity bill
-disposable income to spend on devices like phone and laptops
-In less developed countries, there might not be transport links to other places, less energy

56
Q

Solution to Nepal’s energy gap

A

-micro-hydro schemes as Nepal does not have money to build large scale dams
-divert streams from high altitude, take water through a pipe, turns turbine and generates power
-community operates and maintains the energy sources - they dig the channels, install lights, etc.
-one micro-hydro scheme - averages 30 kw - enough to power a village

57
Q

How the UK is developing its energy mix

A

-energy gap widened, phasing out ff
-ff stil being burnt, renewable cannot fully replace - cheaper to import foreign coal
-nuclear
-wind - contributes 27% of UK’s total electricity generation

58
Q

How the UK is developing its energy mix - nuclear

A

-2 nuclear stations can power 4 million homes
-meet around 20% of UK’s energy needs
-30 million pounds spent on improvement during outages
-Uranium pellets are equivalent to 1 and a half tones of coal

59
Q

How the UK is developing its energy mix - wind

A

The world’s largest-capacity offshore wind energy project - middle of the north sea
-Over 180m tall
-each turbine can generate 7 megawatts of energy
-one rotation: power household for 24 hrs
-electricity sent to the UK using underwater cables to > 1 million households
-offshore winds meet 10% of energy needs

60
Q

Thomas Malthus view - population growth and resources

A

-population growth proceeded at a faster rate than the increase in food supply
-there would come a time when there was no longer sufficient food to feed the population
-At this point, population growth would stop by a lower birth rate, or a higher death rate (famine, disease, war)

61
Q

Ester Boserup view - population growth and resources

A

-increases in population stimulate an improvement in food production. Developments in technology would solve the problem.
-“necessity is the mother of invention”.
-e.g. the use of fertilisers and irrigation systems

Geography (6 decks)

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