Paper 2 Human Geographysections A&B

Question 1

Urbanisation

Answer 1

The increasing proportion of people living in urban areas

Question 2

Trends in urbanisation over the last 50 years in LICs/HICs

Answer 2

Emerging and developed economies have highest levels of urbanisation overall (90% of urbanisation taking place here)
Lowest levels of urbanisation in Africa and SE Asia. However, rate of growth is now highest in developing countries (sometimes called hyper-urbanisation)
Urban population is increasing proportionally faster than the world’s population (world population doubled from 1950 to 2000, but urban population trebled)
In 2008 for the fist time in history over 50% of the world’s population lived in urban areas
It reached 54% in 2014 and is expected to reach 66% by 2050 and 75% by 2100

Question 3

Suburbanisation

Answer 3

Urban settlements grow out towards the suburbs

Question 4

Suburbanisation is caused by

Answer 4

Better transport links between suburbs and CBD
CBD push factors e.g. congestion, overcrowding, pollution
Suburban pull factors e.g. less pollution, greener, more space etc

Question 5

Dormitory settlement

Answer 5

Areas in the rural urban fringe where residents mainly sleep and then commute to the CBD for work i.e. they are used as dormitories and are very quiet during the working day.

Question 6

Counter-urbanisation

Answer 6

People ‘leap frog’ the rural urban fringe and move out to rural areas
This encourages decentralisation of activities away from the CBD

Question 7

Urban regeneration, gentrification, urban reimagining or rebranding

Answer 7

Central urban areas that were decentralised and went into decline can be redeveloped e.g. east London/Stratford an Olympic park area
Often leads to locals who remained there being priced out of the area due to house prices rising and the emergence of ‘hipster’ shops like avocado toast cafés, and no local convenience stores on the high street
Can revitalise the area and bring in more money though

Question 8

Factors affecting the rate of urbanisation

Answer 8

Push and pull factors
Rate of population growth:
High rates of rural urban migration
High rates of natural increase
Rate of economic development
All of the above are linked together in a multiplier effect, as once momentum is achieved this will continue happening
Economies of scale-putting as much as possible into one megacity, rather than lots of smaller cities-also create advantages

Question 9

Rural dilution

Answer 9

Is experienced in the countryside as urban areas spread

Question 10

Megacity

Answer 10

A city with over 10 million people

Question 11

Global/world city

Answer 11

City with global significance such as London, New York, Tokyo etc

Question 12

Factors affecting the emergence of megacities

Answer 12

Urban agglomeration due to people and economic activities concentrating at favourable locations e.g.
River crossing points
Estuary mouths
Near a mineral source such as oil, coal, iron etc
Near coast for trade potential
Megacities become powerful cores, with peripheral areas