Paper-2--Option-2D.1-The-unification-of-Italy--c1830-70 Flashcards
(52 cards)
What were the independent states in Italy in 1830?
- Kingdom of Sardinia
- Kingdom of Two Sicilies
- Papal States
- Grand Duchy of Tuscany
- Duchy of Parma
- Duchy of Modena
- Various smaller states
These states had their own rulers and governments, leading to political fragmentation in Italy.
What was the main objective of the 1830–32 Revolutions in Italy?
To overthrow conservative regimes and establish liberal constitutional monarchies.
The revolutions failed due to internal divisions and foreign intervention.
What does ‘Risorgimento’ mean?
Resurgence or rebirth.
It was a cultural and political movement aimed at unifying the Italian states.
Who founded the secret society ‘Young Italy’?
Giuseppe Mazzini.
Mazzini aimed to promote Italian independence and unification.
What role did Charles Albert of Piedmont play in the nationalist movement?
He implemented reforms and declared war on Austria, initiating the First Italian War of Independence.
His rule was marked by liberal measures aimed at modernizing Piedmont.
What were the ‘Pio Nono’ reforms initiated by Pope Pius IX?
- Amnesty to political prisoners
- Freedom of the press
- Establishment of a consultative assembly in the Papal States
These reforms aimed to modernize the Papal States and fueled nationalist aspirations.
What were the short-term causes of the revolutions in Italy during 1848-1849?
- Dissatisfaction with authoritarian rule
- Demands for constitutional reforms
- Economic hardships
- Rising nationalism
- Influence of liberal ideas
These factors led to widespread uprisings across various Italian states.
What was the Roman Republic and when was it declared?
A republic declared in Rome in 1848 following popular uprisings against papal rule.
It faced internal divisions and was eventually suppressed by foreign intervention.
What was the outcome of the First Italian War of Independence?
Defeat for Piedmontese forces at the Battle of Novara in 1849.
This led to Charles Albert’s abdication and the suspension of liberal reforms.
What factors contributed to the failure of the revolutions of 1848-1849 in Italy?
- Austrian and French intervention
- Reaction of the papacy
- Weaknesses in Piedmont
- Lack of revolutionary unity
- Absence of international support
These factors prevented the revolutionary movements from achieving their goals.
What was the Statuto Albertino?
A constitutional reform enacted by Victor Emmanuel II in 1848 that established a parliamentary system and civil liberties.
It became the basis for the constitutional monarchy in the Kingdom of Italy.
How did the revolutions of 1848-1849 impact Austrian dominance in Italy?
They weakened Austria’s hold over the Italian states and fostered a sense of nationalism.
The military interventions by Austria created resentment among Italians.
What was the legacy of Giuseppe Mazzini after the revolutions?
He faced setbacks and his republican ideals lacked sufficient popular support.
Mazzini’s aspirations for immediate Italian unification were not realized.
What did the French occupation of Rome signify?
The end of the Roman Republic and the restoration of papal authority.
This occupation lasted until 1870 when the Papal States were incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy.
Who was appointed as prime minister by Victor Emmanuel II in 1852?
Count Camillo di Cavour.
Cavour played a crucial role in the political developments leading to Italian unification.
Who ascended to the throne of Piedmont in 1849?
Victor Emmanuel II
He became king after the abdication of his father, Charles Albert.
What was the significance of Count Camillo di Cavour’s appointment as prime minister in 1852?
He became the driving force behind Piedmont’s political and economic transformation.
What policies did Cavour implement to strengthen Piedmont’s economy?
- Promoted industrialization
- Strengthened economic policies
- Established alliances with foreign powers
What was the anticlerical movement’s goal in Piedmont?
To limit the influence of the Catholic Church in political affairs.
What type of reforms did Cavour promote to create political stability?
- Constitutional reforms
- Expanded civil liberties
- Established a parliamentary system
How did liberal and nationalist influences shape political developments in Piedmont?
Cavour aligned his policies with liberal and nationalist principles to garner support.
What was the outcome of the Treaty of Villafranca?
It resulted in territorial gains for Piedmont but fell short of complete unification.
What was the significance of the Crimean War for Italian unification?
Piedmont allied with Britain and France, gaining support for Italian independence.
What was the Pact of Plombières?
A secret agreement between Cavour and Napoleon III for military support against Austria.
