Paper 2 ( Questions ) Flashcards
Where does nitrogen come from, when combusting diesel?
Air
What effects does particulates from burning fossil fuels cause?
Global dimming
Why is Carbon Monoxide difficult to detect?
It is colourless and odourless
Sulfur is a common impurity in diesel, explain why this cause an environmental problem
Sulfur dioxide is produced when diesel is burnt, which causes acid rain, resulting in acidification of lakes
+ damage buildings
+ damage to trees/plants
+ damage to aquatic life
+ respiratory problems
Why do substances in a mixture separates in the mobile phase ?
Different solubilities
Paper Chromatography Practical
1- Draw a pencil line, near the bottom edge of the chromatography paper
2- Put a small dot of the ink on the pencil line
3- Put a small volume of solvent in the beaker
4- Place the chromatography paper in the solvent, and the dot of ink should be above the level of solvent
5- Support the paper in this position
6- Put a lid on the beaker
7- Leave to run, and then mark the position of the solvent
8- Remove from the beaker and leave to dry
9- Determinate Rf value. Measure the distance of all dots from start line, and then distance of solvent from start line.
What is a formulation?
A mixture that have been designed for a specific function, and its components are precisely measured.
Describe how crude oil is separated into fractions
1- Crude oil is heated to vaporise the hydrocarbons
2- Temperature of the column decreases from bottom to top
3- So hydrocarbons condense at different heights in the column
4- Because hydrocarbons have different boiling points
Explain why Alkanes are cracked
Alkanes are cracked to form shorter chains of hydrocarbon, so it is more volatile and flammable, which is better for fuel
Explain how greenhouses cause global warming
1- Greenhouse gases allow short length radiation to enter the atmosphere
2- Which are absorbed by the earth and re-emitted as long wavelength radiation
3- Which is absorbed by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
4- This increases the temperature leading to global warming
Explain how planting trees reduces global warming
1- Trees use carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, and carbon dioxide causes global warming
2- They remove CO2 from the atmosphere
How long ago did the Earth form?
4.6 billion years ago
Name two gases that are found in the earths atmosphere in small amounts.
- Argon
- Methane
Why did the composition of nitrogen in the Earth’s atmosphere increased over time
Voulcanic activity
Explain the role the evolution of plants had on the composition of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere
-Algaes and plants produce oxygen by photosynthesis
- Algae and plants take in carbon dioxide by photosynthesis
- Carbon dioxide + water -> Glucose + Oxygen
- Oxygen first appeared in the atmosphere due to algae
-As plants evolved more oxygen was produced, increasing the composition of oxygen
- As plants evolved more carbon dioxide was removed from the atmosphere, decreasing the composition of carbon dioxide
Describe some of the health issues caused by the products of combustion of a fuel, such as wood.
Combustions that are not completed release carbon monoxide which is a toxic gas, and may kill, and particulates of carbon are also released which may cause respiratory problems and may cause cancer.
Sulfur dioxide is also released and it also causes respiratory problems in human.
Describe how concentration effects the rate of reaction.
As concentration increases the rate of reaction also increases
Explain why, when you increase concentration, the rate of reaction will also increase.
Concentration is the amount of particles per unit volume, so if the concentration increases there will be more particles in the given volume , therefore there is a higher rate of successful collision, so the rate of reaction increases.
Describe the test for hydrogen
- Hold a burning splint at the open end of a test tube containing the gas
- If there is hydrogen, we will hear a SQUEAKY POP
Explain what is the meant by Le Chatelier’s principle
Le Chatelier’s principle states that if a dynamic equilibrium is disturbed by a change in concentration, pressure, or temperature, the equilibrium will shift to counteract the change.
State the different stages of an LCA (Life cycle assessment)
- Extracting and processing raw materials
- Manufacturing and packaging
- Use and operation during its lifetime
- Disposal
What is the meant by ‘Carbon footprint’
The total amount of CO2 and other greenhouse gases emitted over the life cycle of a product
