Paper 2 - Skill Acquistion

Question 1

Open skill

Answer 1

A skill performed in an unpredictable environment, decision making has rapid adjustments e.g. skiing

Question 2

Closed skills

Answer 2

A skill not affected by environment, few decisions to make e.g. dive in swimming

Question 3

Gross skill

Answer 3

A skill that uses large muscle groups, e.g. shot put

Question 4

Fine skill

Answer 4

A skill that uses small muscle groups, for fine control e.g. darts

Question 5

Self paced skill

Answer 5

Control start and speed of the skill e.g. badminton serve

Question 6

Externally paced skill

Answer 6

No control over the rate of the skill e.g. receive a serve in tennis

Question 7

Discrete skill

Answer 7

Skill with a clear beginning, clear end e.g. tennis serve

Question 8

Serial skill

Answer 8

Many discrete skills put together e.g. triple jump

Question 9

Continuous skill

Answer 9

A skill with No clear beginning and no clear end e.g. cycling

Question 10

Low org skill

Answer 10

A skill easily broken into sub routines, clear and seperate phases, e.g. swimming strokes

Question 11

High org skill

Answer 11

A skill that is not easily broken into parts e.g. golf swing

Question 12

Simple skill

Answer 12

Requires few decision making, little to think about e.g. Throw and catch in cricket

Question 13

Complex skill

Answer 13

Requires lots of decision making, large info to process e.g. Gymnastics

Question 14

Positive transfer

Answer 14

When the learning of one skill supports the learning of another skill, typically when they have similar form e.g. overarm volleyball serve and a tennis serve

Question 15

Negative transfer

Answer 15

When the learning of one skill hinders the learning of another Familiarity can cause confusion e.g. loose wrist in badminton serve compromising a firm wrist in tennis serve

Question 16

Proactive transfer

Answer 16

When a skill learned previously, affects a skill yet to be learned e.g. learning an overarm throw must be taught before learning a tennis serve

Question 17

Retroactive transfer

Answer 17

The influence of a newly learned skill has upon a skill previously learned e.g. the acquisition of a successful tennis serve may influence the previously learned overarm throw used in cricket

Question 18

Bilateral transfer

Answer 18

When the learning of one skill is passed across the body from limb to limb
Cognitive - Understanding what is required, thinking
Motor programmes - automatically transferred

Question 19

Whole practice

Answer 19

Practicing a skill in its entirety e.g. Golf swing

Question 20

Whole practice advantages and disadvantages

Answer 20

Ad - Performer gets kinaesthetic feeling, positive transfer into game situations, execute skill fluently

Disadvantages - Not useful for beginners

Question 21

Part practice

Answer 21

Broken down into sub routines e.g. back stroke, tennis serve

Question 22

Part practice advantages and disadvantages

Answer 22

Adv- Good for beginners, prevents learner becoming fatigued, useful for dangerous skills

Dis - Not for high org skills = time consuming

Question 23

Whole-part-whole

Answer 23

Attempting the skill, identify weakness them practice sub routines

Question 24

Whole-part-whole adv and dis

Answer 24

Adv - good for beginners, improves weaknesses
Dis - Time consuming

Question 25

Progressive-part

Answer 25

Referred as “chaining”, serial skill broken into sub routines, learn one line then a second then combining e.g. breast stroke

Question 26

Massed practice

Answer 26

Continuous practice with no rest between sessions e.g. hitting golf ball

Question 27

Massed practice adv and disadvantages

Answer 27

Adv - efficient use of training time, good for experienced individual, can be easily recalled in future Disadv - become fatigued easy, boring

Question 28

Distributed practice

Answer 28

Rest intervals between practice sessions e.g. swimming

Question 29

Distributed practice adv and disadvantages

Answer 29

Adv - good for beginners, increase motivation if praised during rest, takes pressure off performer Disadv - Time consuming, not useful for experts

Question 30

Fixed practice

Answer 30

Skill repeatedly practiced, always same drill s.g. Badminton flick serve

Question 31

Fixed practice adv and disadvantages

Answer 31

Adv - Good for confidence, kinaesthetic feel Disadv - If taught poor technique = won’t be good at the skill

Question 32

Varied practice

Answer 32

Use same skill in various situations, stored in LTM, resemble real life scenario, e.g. backhand badminton

Question 33

Verbal guidance

Answer 33

Learner told what to do by spoken instruction

Question 34

2 strengths of verbal guidance

Answer 34

Reinforce good movements, identify errors throug detailed explanation Motivates learner to learn, good for autonomous (expert)

Question 35

2 weaknesses of verbal

Answer 35

Leads to confusion if given too much information Get negative feelings if your given too much negative feedback

Question 36

Visual guidance

Answer 36

Learner watches a model to form mental image e.g. demonstration, video, picture Beneficial for cognitive learners (beginners)

Question 37

2 weaknesses of visual guidance

Answer 37

Not effective if demonstration is incorrect May need to be supported to make it more clear

Question 38

Manual guidance

Answer 38

Given physical support by coach, uses hands to guide performer to gain kinaesthetic feel

Question 39

2 strengths of manual

Answer 39

Good for dangerous skills, develops confidence and corrects errors Allows learner to gain kinaesthetic feel

Question 40

2 weaknesses of manual

Answer 40

Learner must trust the coach, may feel uncomfortable Performer may be reliant on manual guidance

Question 41

Mechanical guidance

Answer 41

Uses equipment to help performers e.g. harnass

Question 42

2 strengths of mechanical

Answer 42

Good for dangerous skills, develops confidence Helps performer gain insight to movement

Question 43

3 stages of learning

Answer 43

1. Cognitive (beginner) 2. Associative 3. Autonomous (expert)

Question 44

Cognitive learning

Answer 44

A basic understanding of movement or skill Frequent errors Still thinking of and learning the movement Extrinsic feedback needed

Question 45

Asoociative learning

Answer 45

Automatically has technique Can recognise and feel errors themselves No longer major Combo of intrinsic and extrinsic feedback

Question 46

Autonomous learning

Answer 46

Movements are automatic Doesn’t think about technique anymore Nearly exclusively intrinsic feedback

Question 47

Operant conditioning

Answer 47

Trial and error learning Based on SR Bonds

Question 48

Strengthening an SR bond

Answer 48

Positive reinforcement: Praise / reward Negative reinforcement: removal of criticism

Question 49

Weakening an SR bond

Answer 49

Punishment: Drop from team ,fine, substitute etc