Paper 2 - Topic 3 : Inheritence Flashcards
What does DNA stand for ?
DNA = DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
What does structure does DNA have ?
It has a double-helix structure
How is DNA structured ?
DNA has two sugar-backbones, with two paired bases in the middle.
What are the 4 bases in DNA ?
A - Adenine
T - Thymine
C - Cytosine
G - Guanine
What are Genes ?
Genes = small sections of DNA that code for a sequence of amino acids that make up a protein
What are Alleles ?
Alleles = different form of the same gene (for the gene eye colour, you have alleles of blue, brown, green, grey)
What is a Genome?
Genome = the entire genetic make-up of an organism
What are Genes ?
Genes = small sections of DNA that code for a sequence of amino acids that make up a protein
What bases compliment what ?
Adenine - Thymine
Guanine - Cytosine
(At The ~ Group Chat)
What is RNA ?
A smaller copy of a specific part of the DNA
What is mRNA and tRNA ?
mRNA - Memory Ribonucleic acid
tRNA - Transport Ribonucleic acid
How does the Ribosomes use RNAs to synthesis protein ?
It make a small copy of the DNA (mRNA) that tell it how to make protein , then the tRNA retrieves Amino Acids to help make the protein .
Define Mitochondria
Mitochondria = the site of aerobic respiration
Of which parent do they get their mitochondrial DNA from ?
Everyone gets their mitochondrial DNA from their mum - from the mitochondria in the egg cell (as only nucleus from paternal DNA becomes part of the offspring)
What are the benefits of Sequencing the genomes of bacteria and viruses ?
Sequencing the genomes of bacteria and viruses allow us to discover the causes of diseases and lets us choose the right treatment
Does Mitochondria has its own DNA ?
yes
3 reasons the genome matter ?
Reasons the genome matters:
1.helps us understand inherited disorders like cystic fibrosis and sickle cell disease
2. helps predict the risk for each individual of developing any of these inherited disorders
3. Understanding it helps us learn more about evolution and history –> family trees can be traces using genome sequencing
How to remember which bases are complimentary to each other using a mnemonic ?
A
T
Creams
Gants Hill
What happens during Protein Synthesis?
Protein Synthesis:
1. Genes produce a template for protein–> reflects the sequence of bases in DNA but is small enough to leave the nucleus via the nuclear pores
2. Template leaves the nucleus and binds to the surface of the ribosome
3. Cytoplasm has carrier molecules each attached to an amino acid –> these attach to template in the order given by the DNA
4. Amino acids are joined together to form a specific protein
5. Carrier molecules continue bringing specific amino acids in the correct order until the template is completed
6. Protein sequence detaches from the carrier molecules which detaches from the template to pick up more amino acids
7. Completed protein chain folds up to form a unique shape to help carry out its function
What does it mean when a gene is expressed ?
When a gene codes for a protein that is synthesised in the cell, the gene is said to be expressed
Define Phenotype
Phenotype = the physical appearances or biochemistry of an organism
Do mutations change the protein that forms ?
Most mutations don’t change the protein that forms, OR they alter the protein so slightly that its appearance and function don’t change
What is relationship between mutations in the non-coding part of the DNA and the phenotype ?
Mutations in the non-coding part of DNA do not directly affect the phenotype
In what way could changes in the non- coding part of the DNA affects genes ?
HOWEVER, changes in the non-coding part of DNA can affect which genes are switched on or off - by changing which genes are expressed, this can impact our phenotype
