Paper 2 - Topic 6, Waves Flashcards by Roger Parry

What is the amplitude of a wave

The maximum displacement of a wave from its undisturbed position

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What is the angle of incidence

The angle between the incident ray and normal

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What is the angle of reflection

The angle between the reflected ray and normal

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Why does an object appear black

An object will appear black if it absorbs all wavelengths of radiation incident on it

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What are colour filters

Filters that absorb certain wavelengths and transmit others

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What is colour determined by

Frequency and wavelegnth

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Why does a body remain at constant temperature

If it is absorbing radiation at the same rate that it is emitting it

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What is a convex lens

A lens that brings parallel rays to focus at the principal focus. The image formed can be either real or virtual

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What is echo sounding

A technique that uses high frequency sound waves to detect objects in deep water and to measure the depth of water

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What are electromagnetic waves

Transverse waves that transfer energy from the source of the waves, to an absorber. They form a continuous spectrum of different frequencies and all travel at the same speed in a vacuum

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What is the focal length

The distance between the centre of the lens and its principal focus

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What is frequency

The number of waves passing a given point in a second. It is the inverse of a waves period

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What is the humans hearing range

20Hz - 20kHz

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What is infrared radiation

A type of radiation that all objects emit and absorb, the hotter the object, the greater the infrared radiation it emits at a given time

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What is infrared used for

Cooking food, electrical heaters and infrared imaging

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What is ionising radiation

Radiation that can cause the mutation of genes and cause cancer, x-rays and gamma rays are both forms of ionising radiation

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What is a lens

An object that forms an image through the refraction of light

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What are longitudinal waves

Waves with oscillations that are parallel to the direction of travel/energy transfer

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What is magnification

The ratio of the image height over the object height for a lens

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What are microwaves used for

Satellite communications and cooking food

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What is the normal

The normal is an imaginary reference line that is constructed perpendicular to a boundary at the point that the wave intercepts

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What are P-Waves

Longitudinal, seismic waves that travel at different speeds though solids and liquids

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What is a period

The time it takes for one complete wave to pass a given point

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What is a radiation dose

Study These Flashcards

A measure of the risk of harm to the body as a result of radiation exposure

What is reflection

Reflection is when a wave bounces off of a boundary, the angle of incidence is always equal to the angle of reflection

What are S-waves

Transverse, seismic waves that cannot travel through liquids

What are sound waves

Longitudinal waves responsible for sound, in solids, sound waves are transmitted by the vibrations of the solid’s particles

What is specular reflection

Reflection from a smooth surface, in a single direction

What are transverse waves

Waves with oscillations that are perpendicular to the direction of travel/energy transfer

What is ultrasound scanning

A technique that involves ultrasound waves being transmitted and then partially reflected at a boundary before being detected by a detector. The time between transmission and detection can be used to build an image

What are ultrasound waves

Waves that have a frequency higher than what humans can hear

What is ultraviolet used for

Used in energy efficient lamps and sun tanning

What is visible light

The only type of electromagnetic radiation that our eyes can detect, it is used for fibre optic communications

What is wave speed

The speed at which energy is transferred through a medium, it is equal to the product of the wave’s wavelength and frequency

What is wavelength

The distance from a point on one wave to the same point on the adjacent wave (eg peak to peak or trough to trough)

Why will an object appear white

It will appear white if it emits all wavelengths equally

What are the characteristics of a transverse wave

- have peaks and troughs - vibrations are at right angles to the direction of travel - eg light or any electromagnetic wave

What are the characteristics of longitudinal waves

- have compressions and rarefactions - vibrations are in the same direction as the direction of travel - eg sound waves

What happens when a light is reflected onto a rough surface

Scatters light in all directions, so they appear matt not reflective

What is sonar used for

- can be used to calculate the depth of water, if there are any fish below or how far the seabed is

What is the order of electromagnetic waves from biggest to smallest

- radio - microwave - infrared - visible - ultraviolet - x-ray - gamma ray

What happens when the wavelength decreases in an electromagnetic wave

The frequency must decrease

As frequency increases, what happens to the electromagnetic wave

The energy of the wave increases

What happens if light enters a denser material than the air

The light will bend towards the normal and it will slow down

What will happen if light enters a less dense material than air

The light will bend away from the normal and will speed up

How can UV cause harm to humans

Skin ages prematurely, increasing risk of skin cancer, sun cream can be used to reduce over-exposure

How can X-rays and gamma cause harm to humans

- they are ionising radiation so can cause the mutation of genes causing cancer, minimal exposure should be ensured to reduce risks

What are the uses of radio waves

TV and radio as they have a long wavelength and can travel far without losing quality

What are the uses of microwaves

Satellite communication (can penetrate atmosphere to reach satellites) and cooking food

What is the use of visible

Fibre optics, best reflection/scattering in glass (others have too short/long wavelengths)

What are the uses of UV

Sun tanning and energy efficient lamps, this is because they radiate the least heat but more energy

What are the uses of X-rays

Medical imaging and treatment (and gamma) this is because they are very high in energy and can penetrate material easily

What happens to the direction of light when it passes through the centre of a lens

It doesn’t change

Where are focal points located

They are either side of the lens which light can converge at

How does concave lens spread light

Spreads light outwards

How are concave lenses used to correct short-sightedness

As light is focused in front of the retina, so needs to be spread out slightly to be able to be focused onto the retina

Which way do convex lenses focus light

Inwards

What are convex lenses used for

Magnifying glasses, binoculars and to correct long-sightedness as it focuses the rays closer

Paper 2 - Topic 6, Waves Flashcards

(58 cards)