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10A REG > Paper 2: Urban issues and challenges > Flashcards

Paper 2: Urban issues and challenges Flashcards

1
Q

What is urbanisation?

A

Urbanisation is the increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities.

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2
Q

What does rural mean?

A

Away from towns and cities (countryside)

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3
Q

What does urban mean?

A

Towns and cities

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4
Q

What is migration?

A

Moving to a new place to live there

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5
Q

What is international migration?

A

Moving from one country to another to live

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6
Q

What is rural to urban migration?

A

Moving from the countryside to a city to live

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7
Q

True or false? There has been a significant increase in urbanisation across the world between 1950 and 2014, from 0.8 billion to 3.85 billion people

A

True

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8
Q

When and where did urbanisation first begin?

A

Urbanisation first occurred in areas that are now high-income countries (HICs) during the industrial revolution.

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9
Q

Why did urbanisation occur in HICs?

A

People were attracted to urban areas (pulled) from rural areas to work in factories. They were also pushed as developments in technology led to mechanisation on farms.

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10
Q

Identify the continent with the highest rate of urbanisation.

A

North America

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11
Q

Where is the current rate of urbanisation greatest?

A

The rate of urbanisation in low-income countries (LICs) is greater than in HICs.

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12
Q

Why have rates of urbanisation been greatest in LICs since the 1950s?

A

Rates of urbanisation have increased due to industrialisation and economic development in LICs. This has led to rural-urban migration as agriculture has become mechanised and social and economic opportunities have grown in urban areas. Urbanisation growth rates are lower in more developed countries because major urbanisation has already taken place hence the already high levels of urbanisation (over 80%).

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13
Q

In some HICs there is a reverse flow of people migrating from urban to rural area. What is this known as?

A

Counter-urbanisation

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14
Q

Give two reasons for counter-urbanisation in HICs.

A

The increase in car ownership over the last 40 years means people can live in rural areas and commute to urban areas to work. Also, the growth in IT means more people can work from home.

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15
Q

True or false? Poorer LICs (much of Africa, and some parts of Asia and the Middle East) are still predominantly rural. However, they are experiencing the fastest rate of urbanisation.

A

True

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16
Q

Identify the two factors that cause urbanisation.

A

Rural to urban migration and natural increase.

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17
Q

What is natural increase?

A

It is the increase in population caused by birth rates being higher than death rates.

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18
Q

What is meant by the term push factor?

A

A factor that drives a person away from a certain place.

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19
Q

What is meant by the term pull factor?

A

A factor that attracts a person to a certain place.

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20
Q

Identify three push factors that lead to urbanisation.

A

Limited opportunities for employment, Poor transport infrastructure, Limited services such as water, electric, schools and health care, Natural disasters such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, Issues related to climate change such as flooding, droughts, desertification and soil erosion, Civil war, Food shortage results from poor harvests

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21
Q

Identify three pull factors that lead to urbanisation.

A

Employment opportunities, Better schools and health care provision, Access to services such as clean water and electricity, Friends and relatives already living in an urban environment, Larger market for goods and services, Better transport facilities

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22
Q

What is a mega city?

A

A mega city is an urban area with a population of more than 10 million people

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23
Q

How is the global growth of megacities changing?

A

The growth in mega cities in HICs is slowing, those in parts of Asia and Africa are growing rapidly.

24
Q

Describe the location of Mumbai

A

On the Western coast of India in the Maharashtra State

25
Q

Give one characteristic of the regional importance of Mumbai

A

Attracts many migrants from surrounding rural areas

26
Q

Give one characteristic of the national importance of Mumbai

A

It is India’s richest city. It has the highest population in India.

27
Q

Give one characteristic of the international importance of Mumbai

A

It has India’s busiest port, used for international trade.

28
Q

Why did rapid urbanisation occur in Mumbai?

A

The port, which started as a fishing port, grew as it is in a good location for trade, As the port grew, more people were drawn to the city for work.

29
Q

What are the two main causes of population of growth in Mumbai?

A

Natural increase: The birth rate is 20.1, the death rate is only 6 so the population is growing rapidly. Migration: Migrants from all over India come to Mumbai to work in industries such as aerospace and engineering. The average migrant is 20 years old (child bearing age, adding to the high birth rate).

30
Q

Describe 3 pull factors that attract migrants to Mumbai

A

Better education, better healthcare, more job opportunities

31
Q

Describe 3 push factors that force people to migrate from rural areas to Mumbai

A

Lack of sanitation, lack of clean drinking water, becoming harder to grow enough food.

32
Q

Identify two social opportunities associated with the growth of Mumbai

A

Literacy rate is 90%, much higher than surrounding rural areas where it is 71%. More people have access to electricity and running water.

33
Q

Identify two economic opportunities associated with the growth of Mumbai

A

Higher incomes and more employment opportunities. Many jobs in manufacturing. 25% of India’s industrial production is in Mumbai.

34
Q

What is a slum?

A

Informal housing, which has been built out of scrap materials as there is not enough proper housing. Slums can be very unsafe.

35
Q

Identify three challenges associated with the growth of Mumbai

A

Slums have developed e.g. Dharavi. 95% of households in slums do not have access to clean water. In Dharovi there is only one toilet per 1450 people. Lack of sanitation increases risk of disease. Healthcare and education is limited as there are too many people for the available services. Few legal employment opportunities, so many people work in the informal sector or turn to crime.

36
Q

Identify two environmental issues that Mumbai faces.

A

Increasing population and industry means more waste - about 7500 metric tonnes per day. 22 million vehicals in the city means air pollution is high.

37
Q

Give an example of a project to help the urban poor in Mumbai

A

Slum Rehabilitation Authority (SRA) is a US$2 billion development project which will rehouse people into new 14 storey apartment blocks.

38
Q

What are the positives of the Slum Rehabilitation Authority project?

A

Clean water piped to every home, new roads are built giving beetter access to services like waste management and emergency services. The homes are run by the council, giving people an official address and making it easier to get a job.

39
Q

What are the negatives of the Slum Rehabilitation Authority project?

A

The apartments are tiny (21 metres squared). Communities will be broken up causing loss of community spirit.

40
Q

What proportion of the UKs population live in towns and cities?

A

82%

41
Q

Describe the pattern of population density across the UK.

A

Population density is high across England, especially in the south and east. The highest densities are in major city regions such as London, Manchester, Glasgow and Belfast and the south of Wales. The lowest densities are in the north and west of the UK, where upland areas such as Snowdonia, the Lake District and the Highlands.

42
Q

Describe the pattern of distribution of the UKs cities.

A

The majority of the UK’s main towns and cities are located in England. There are relatively few in the north and west of the UK. Cities are fairly evenly spread in the south, however, they are clustered in the north. This reflects the concentration of settlements that developed as the result of heavy industry and manufacturing, close to areas of raw materials.

43
Q

Describe the location of Birmingham

A

Birmingham is in the West Midlands.

44
Q

Give three reasons for the importance of Birmingham at the national scale

A

Direct rail links to many UK cities. Used by over 34 million people in 2014. Excellent job opportunities, including 200 law firms. Other companies include Atkins and BBC. Birmingham Hippodrome is the busiest theatre in the UK with over 520,000 visitors each year.

45
Q

Give three reasons for the importance of Birmingham at the international scale

A

Birmingham Airport had over 9 million customers in 2014. It has been extended to connect to more places around the world. Home to over 300 international companies.

46
Q

Give three economic opportunities resulting from urban change

A

Largest number of businesses outside of London, over 28,000 job vacancies. Lots of jobs e.g. retail, engineering and research e.g. the Uni of Birmingham BioHub.

47
Q

Give three social opportunities resulting from urban change

A

5 universities and 50,000+ students, one of the youngest cities in Europe. Rich historical culture; city centre museum and art gallery have over 2,000 exhibits. Diverse restaurants from many cultures e.g. Sabai Sabai (Thai) and Mela (Indian). The Bullring, a major shopping centre, has 160 shops and 750,000 weekly visitors.

48
Q

Give three environmental opportunities resulting from urban change

A

Birmingham has more square miles of parks and open spaces than any other city in Europe. Developing green roofs to increase biodiversity and reduce water run off. Birmingham’s Green Vision project aims to make the city healthier, more attractive and to encourage business.

49
Q

Give three social challenges associated with urban change

A

Birmingham is the 7th most deprived area in the UK. Industrial decline from the 1970’s when many businesses left the city, often to cut costs by moving to other countries where labour was cheaper. Around 10000 people in Birmingham are homeless. Big difference in education and healthcare between richer areas like Sutton and more deprived areas.

50
Q

Give two economic challenges associated with urban change

A

Areas with boarded up factories and shops due to industrial decline. High rates of unemployment in parts of the city such as Lozells.

51
Q

Give three environmental challenges associated with urban change

A

Increasing population means increasing need to build on greenfield sites leading to urban sprawl. Waste disoposal is a challenge due to large population. Heavy congestion leads to air pollution.

52
Q

Identify the case study about urban regeneration in the UK

A

Grand Central in Birmingham

53
Q

What does regeneration mean?

A

Upgrading existing places

54
Q

Why did the area need regeneration?

A

Many areas of the city have suffered from industrial decline. Places in the centre like New Street Station became run down. The station was voted as the UK’s ugliest building in 2003 with dark underground platforms with no natural light.

55
Q

How was Grand Central improved?

A

The project was completed in 2015. New Street station was improved and a shopping centre was built around it. It has a large new concourse, better links to transport, including the tram and it looks much nicer. It is bright with natural light provided by a large glass roof. 66 new shops were opened crating 1000 permanent jobs.

56
Q

Were there any negatives of the Grand Central regeneration?

A

Rent is high for shops in Grand Central. John Lewis, the flagship store, has been forced to close for this reason.

10A REG (3 decks)

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