Paper 3

Question 1

Hazelwood (1980)

Answer 1

First made the distinction between organised and disorganised offenders
▪︎organised= planned, intelligent, removes weapon, married or family, charming

▪︎disorganised= unplanned, low intelligence, leaves evidence, poor employment, lives alone

Question 2

Jackson (1997)

Top down approach

Answer 2

Criteria that enabled the FBI to make a profile

1) data assimilation
2) crime classification
3) crime reconstruction
4) profile generation

Question 3

Canter et al (2004)

Top down profiling

Answer 3

Argued it was oversimplification to reduce crimibals to organised and disorganised

Question 4

Canter etc al (2004)

Bottom up approach

Answer 4

Aim to produce offender profiles on objective data

1) interpersonal coherence
2) time and place
3) criminal career
4) forensic awareness

Question 5

Canter and young (2000)

Geographical profiling

Answer 5

Identified the principles of geographical profiling

1) locatedness
2) crime location choice
3) centrality
4) comparative case analysis

Question 6

John Duffy- railway rapist (case study)

Geographical profiling

Answer 6

Used David canters profile to identify killer. Produced and incorrect profile but Elements still helped to identify Duffy

Question 7

Aims of custodial sentencing

Answer 7

1) incapacitating
2) rehabilitation
3) retribution
4) deterrence
》individual
》society

Question 8

What is Free Will

Answer 8

The idea that we play an active role and have a choice how we behave.
We are self determined

Question 9

What is determinism?

Answer 9

The view the free will is an illusion and our behaviour is governed by internal and external forces out of our control.

Question 10

How do Twin Studies contradict free will

Answer 10

Monozygotic twins have an 80% similarity in intelligence and 40% in depression.
Suggests only 20% is other factors/ “free will”

Question 11

Mobeley

limitation of determinism

Answer 11

Argued he was “born to kill, as his family had a disposition to violence.
so determinism provides and excuse for crime.

Question 12

Libet et al

free will limitation

Answer 12

Argues free will is an illusion

Found motor regions become active before a person has conscious awareness

Question 13

Biological determinism defintion

Answer 13

The idea that all behaviour is innate and determined by genes

Question 14

Environmental determinism

Answer 14

Behaviour is caused by external forces and previous experience (link to mowrer conditioning)

Question 15

Psychic Determinism

Answer 15

Behaviour is a result of childhood experiences and innate drives (links to Freud tripartite model)

Question 16

Soft determinism

Answer 16

Behaviour is constrained by environment or genetics but only to a certain extent

Question 17

Hard determinism

Answer 17

Incompatible with free will as forces shape our behaviour

Question 18

Idiographic Defintion

Answer 18

Focuses on small groups and the individual. Emphasises unique personal experience
Uses qualitative data such as case studies

Question 19

Nomothetic defintion

Answer 19

Focuses on large groups and tries to establish general laws.

Uses quantitative data such as correlations, psychometric tests and experiments

Question 20

Strengths of idiographic

Answer 20

It is useful for evaluating theories.

For example patient KF exposed limitations of the MSM

Question 21

Weaknesses of Idiogrpahic approach

Answer 21

• Unable to produce general laws or behaviour

- Can’t generalise finding

Question 22

Strengths of nomothetic

Answer 22

• Controlled methods so can be replicated so high reliability
• useful to predict and control behaviour

Question 23

Weakness of nomothetic approach

Answer 23

• Fixation on quantitative methods provides superficial; understanding of behaviour

Question 24

Holt

idiographic and nomothetic

Answer 24

Argues the distinction between idiographic and nomothetic is false and psychology should take advantage of both sides

Question 25

Sieber and Stanley

social sensitivity

Answer 25

Describes studies where there are potential social consequences for the ppts

1) The research question
2) Methodology used
3) Institutional context
4) Interpretation and application on findings

Question 26

Cyril Burt

Answer 26

View that intelligence is genetic which influenced the Hadow Report leading to the construction of the 11+

Later found that Burt had falsified his data

Question 27

Weakness of ethical implications

Answer 27

• current ethical guidelines do not address other ways research may inflict harm
• leads to the avoidance of topics such as ethnicity and sexuality
• Leads to discrimination ie involuntary sterilisation was justified by flawed research on IQ and race

Question 28

Flin et al

Support of ethical implications

Answer 28

Found young children can be reliable witnesses if they are questioned in a timely and appropriate manner.

Question 29

Ceci et al

weakness of ethical implication

Answer 29

Should be free to carry out research as it is resulting in censorship.
Found rejection rate was 2x as high for socially sensitive research

Question 30

Psychological explanations for offending

Answer 30

• Eyesenck criminal personality
• Bowlby’s MDH
• Differential Association Theory by Sutherland

Question 31

Cognitive explanations for offending

Answer 31

• Levels of Moral Reasoning- Kohlberg

- Cognitive distortions

Question 32

Differential Association Theory

Sutherland (1939)

Answer 32

Suggested that we can measure how likely people are to commit crimes based on the exposure they have ie friendships
So criminal behaviour is learnt and imitated

Question 33

Hollin (1989)

Differential Association Theory

Answer 33

Someone may be against stealing but not against false tax returns
so supports the idea of ‘white collar crimes’

Question 34

Eyesneck Criminal personality

Answer 34

Extraversion- the need to have high levels of stimulation
Neuroticism- how stable a persons nervous system is
Psychoticism- The degree to which you are antisocial, aggressive, and uncaring

Question 35

Howitt (2009)

Criminal personality

Answer 35

Eyesneck’s test shows a link between personality and crime, but does not tell us why they committed a crime

Question 36

Eyesenck

Support for criminal personality

Answer 36

Found male offenders score highly on psychoticism and neuroticism
Female offenders score highly on all 3

Question 37

Kohlberg stages of moral reasoning

Answer 37

Level 1- Preconventional
Level 2- Conventional
Level 3- Post conventional
Looked at the way that offenders grow in moral reasoning using Heinz’ dilemma

Question 38

Gilligan

Moral reasoning

Answer 38

Kohlbergs theory is androcentric as males morality is law based, whereas female morality is compassion and care

Question 39

Thornton

Moral reasoning

Answer 39

Burglars tend to be at level 1 whereas more violent crimes ie assault are higher

Question 40

Rosen

Moral reasoning

Answer 40

Kohlbergs theory lacks validity as it was conducted on 11-16 year olds who have never been married etc so a different perspective

Question 41

What are the cognitive distortions

Answer 41

• Hostile attribution bias (more likely to interpret ambiguous actions ad hostile)
• Minimalisation (More likely to downplay the severity of crime to reduce guilt)

Question 42

Capello

Hostile attribution bias

Answer 42

Adult male offenders are more likely to interpret ambiguous sentences as aggressive

Question 43

Kennedy

Minimalisation

Answer 43

Majority of sex offenders blame victim

1/4 believe it was a positive thing

Question 44

Aitchorn

Psychodynamic explanation to offending

Answer 44

An underdeveloped superego leads to a dominant ID which leads to criminal behaviour as more impulsive

Overdeveloped superego leads to feelings of guilt so many commit crimes and then are caught to releases themselves from this guilt

Deviant Superego when a child internalises the criminal behaviour of the same sex parent