Paper 3 Flashcards by E S

Hazelwood (1980)

First made the distinction between organised and disorganised offenders
▪︎organised= planned, intelligent, removes weapon, married or family, charming

▪︎disorganised= unplanned, low intelligence, leaves evidence, poor employment, lives alone

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Jackson (1997)

Top down approach

Criteria that enabled the FBI to make a profile

1) data assimilation
2) crime classification
3) crime reconstruction
4) profile generation

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Canter et al (2004)

Top down profiling

Argued it was oversimplification to reduce crimibals to organised and disorganised

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Canter etc al (2004)

Bottom up approach

Aim to produce offender profiles on objective data

1) interpersonal coherence
2) time and place
3) criminal career
4) forensic awareness

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Canter and young (2000)

Geographical profiling

Identified the principles of geographical profiling

1) locatedness
2) crime location choice
3) centrality
4) comparative case analysis

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John Duffy- railway rapist (case study)

Geographical profiling

Used David canters profile to identify killer. Produced and incorrect profile but Elements still helped to identify Duffy

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Aims of custodial sentencing

1) incapacitating
2) rehabilitation
3) retribution
4) deterrence
》individual
》society

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What is Free Will

The idea that we play an active role and have a choice how we behave.
We are self determined

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What is determinism?

The view the free will is an illusion and our behaviour is governed by internal and external forces out of our control.

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How do Twin Studies contradict free will

Monozygotic twins have an 80% similarity in intelligence and 40% in depression.
Suggests only 20% is other factors/ “free will”

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Mobeley

limitation of determinism

Argued he was “born to kill, as his family had a disposition to violence.
so determinism provides and excuse for crime.

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Libet et al

free will limitation

Argues free will is an illusion

Found motor regions become active before a person has conscious awareness

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Biological determinism defintion

The idea that all behaviour is innate and determined by genes

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Environmental determinism

Behaviour is caused by external forces and previous experience (link to mowrer conditioning)

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Psychic Determinism

Behaviour is a result of childhood experiences and innate drives (links to Freud tripartite model)

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Soft determinism

Behaviour is constrained by environment or genetics but only to a certain extent

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Hard determinism

Incompatible with free will as forces shape our behaviour

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Idiographic Defintion

Focuses on small groups and the individual. Emphasises unique personal experience
Uses qualitative data such as case studies

Nomothetic defintion

Focuses on large groups and tries to establish general laws.

Uses quantitative data such as correlations, psychometric tests and experiments

Strengths of idiographic

It is useful for evaluating theories.

For example patient KF exposed limitations of the MSM

Weaknesses of Idiogrpahic approach

Unable to produce general laws or behaviour

- Can’t generalise finding

Strengths of nomothetic

Controlled methods so can be replicated so high reliability
useful to predict and control behaviour

Weakness of nomothetic approach

Fixation on quantitative methods provides superficial; understanding of behaviour

Holt

idiographic and nomothetic

Argues the distinction between idiographic and nomothetic is false and psychology should take advantage of both sides

Sieber and Stanley | social sensitivity

Describes studies where there are potential social consequences for the ppts 1) The research question 2) Methodology used 3) Institutional context 4) Interpretation and application on findings

Cyril Burt

View that intelligence is genetic which influenced the Hadow Report leading to the construction of the 11+ Later found that Burt had falsified his data

Weakness of ethical implications

- current ethical guidelines do not address other ways research may inflict harm - leads to the avoidance of topics such as ethnicity and sexuality - Leads to discrimination ie involuntary sterilisation was justified by flawed research on IQ and race

Flin et al | Support of ethical implications

Found young children can be reliable witnesses if they are questioned in a timely and appropriate manner.

Ceci et al | weakness of ethical implication

Should be free to carry out research as it is resulting in censorship. Found rejection rate was 2x as high for socially sensitive research

Psychological explanations for offending

- Eyesenck criminal personality - Bowlby's MDH - Differential Association Theory by Sutherland

Cognitive explanations for offending

- Levels of Moral Reasoning- Kohlberg | - Cognitive distortions

Differential Association Theory | Sutherland (1939)

Suggested that we can measure how likely people are to commit crimes based on the exposure they have ie friendships So criminal behaviour is learnt and imitated

Hollin (1989) | Differential Association Theory

Someone may be against stealing but not against false tax returns so supports the idea of 'white collar crimes'

Eyesneck Criminal personality

Extraversion- the need to have high levels of stimulation Neuroticism- how stable a persons nervous system is Psychoticism- The degree to which you are antisocial, aggressive, and uncaring

Howitt (2009) | Criminal personality

Eyesneck's test shows a link between personality and crime, but does not tell us why they committed a crime

Eyesenck | Support for criminal personality

Found male offenders score highly on psychoticism and neuroticism Female offenders score highly on all 3

Kohlberg stages of moral reasoning

Level 1- Preconventional Level 2- Conventional Level 3- Post conventional Looked at the way that offenders grow in moral reasoning using Heinz' dilemma

Gilligan | Moral reasoning

Kohlbergs theory is androcentric as males morality is law based, whereas female morality is compassion and care

Thornton | Moral reasoning

Burglars tend to be at level 1 whereas more violent crimes ie assault are higher

Rosen | Moral reasoning

Kohlbergs theory lacks validity as it was conducted on 11-16 year olds who have never been married etc so a different perspective

What are the cognitive distortions

- Hostile attribution bias (more likely to interpret ambiguous actions ad hostile) - Minimalisation (More likely to downplay the severity of crime to reduce guilt)

Capello | Hostile attribution bias

Adult male offenders are more likely to interpret ambiguous sentences as aggressive

Kennedy | Minimalisation

Majority of sex offenders blame victim | 1/4 believe it was a positive thing

Aitchorn | Psychodynamic explanation to offending

An underdeveloped superego leads to a dominant ID which leads to criminal behaviour as more impulsive Overdeveloped superego leads to feelings of guilt so many commit crimes and then are caught to releases themselves from this guilt Deviant Superego when a child internalises the criminal behaviour of the same sex parent