Paper 3 Flashcards

Question

3.4b - How has changing consumption affected air pollution in China?

Answer 1

750,000 Chinese people die prematurely annually from air-related respiratory diseases China has 16 of the world's 20 most polluted cities with 75% of urban residents breathing polluted air China now emits more CO2 than any other country = acid rain falling on more than a third of the nation

Answer 2

300 million people use contaminated water daily and 190 million suffer from water-related illnesses annually One third of all rivers, 75% of major lakes and 25% of coastal rivers are now classed as highly polluted China is now the biggest polluter of the Pacific Ocean

Answer 3

Global hub: A settlement that is a focal point for activities with a global influence. Globalisation has increased migration to global hub cities.

Answer 4

Estimated n.o. of international migrants has risen from 150 million in 2000 to 272 million in 2020 Estimated proportion of international migrants who are children fell from 16.0% (2000) to 13.9% (2020) N.o. of migrant workers was 164 million in 2020 Global international remittances (USD) has risen from 126 billion in 2000 to 689 billion in 2020 N.o. of refugees has risen from 14 million in 2000 to 25.9 million in 2020.

Answer 5

Low wage migration - only for remittances. - 1845 thousand mexicans moved to the US from 2005 to 2010 - 1083 thousand Indians moved to the United Arab Emirates from 2005 to 2010 - 6391 thousand migrated to US from 2005 to 2010 - 3632 thousand migrated from India from 2005 to 2010

Answer 6

Economic migrants leave their regions to improve their economic conditions rather than fear of persecution on the basis of race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership of a particular social group. They are not, therefore, naturally entitled to refugee status. Elite: minority population group with some combination of: high levels of wealth, social status, political influence, cultural influence. Can easily migrate under the Highly skilled migrants programme (HSMP). Eg: Footballers, Musicians, Academics, Politicians Elite migration - Russian oligarchs Low wage migration - south asian construction workers.

Answer 7

The PNG Government, mining companies and tourists are players Their role is to communicate with the population of PMG to ensure they understand globalisation and its effects and how it can be effectively managed and also put into place policies that will stop the exploitation of its citizens and protect its citizens as well as its indigenous population (tribes)

Answer 8

Globalisation has fueled investment into PNG e.g. globalisation-fuelled international investment ushered in the huge Bougainville copper mine in the 1960s and therefore a series of large and medium mining developments such as Hidden Valley. Allowed for development - Bougainville was made PNG’s wealthiest province during the 1970s to 1980s due to plantations and small-holder cocoa production (Source: Cultural Survival Quarterly Magazine) Brings light to the tribes in PNG - After their land was recognised, Yanomani shamans worked with medics and therefore halved deaths from outsiders’s diseases (Source: Survival) Class of local entrepreneurs emerging Many development plans/goals have been made such as the Medium Term Development Policy (MTDP) 2004-10

Answer 9

Unable to deal effectively with the by-products of globalisation for example increase in migration. Most Papua New Guineans want development in their country but don't grasp what it means or how to manage it and can react hesitantly to the development mantra. Can cause globesity - The percentage of obese and overweight in PNG went up from 39.1% in 1990 to 42.9% in 2013. Can cause new diseases to spread among tribes - In 2002, over 40% of deaths of Bushmen in one resettlement camp was due to AIDS. Loss of culture - 20 languages in PNG are critically endangered. (Source: UNESCO) Crime and poverty gripped urban areas where gangs of so-called Raskols had made PNG’s cities some of the world’s most dangerous - can discourage TNC’s to locate in PNG and can cause TNC’s that are already located in PNG to move out of PNG. (BBC report 2014)

Answer 10

What other impacts of cultural differences are there? Globesity - changing diets + lifestyle - meat consumption in China is double of the USA (2012) - around 12% of China’s population is diabetic - it was 9.7% in 2010 (source - the daily telegraph) - The more educated the more they eat fast food etc 577 critically endangered language - UNESCO, 2013 Less cultural diversity Loss of identity and belonging Globalisation affects uncontacted tribes - European disease can kill tribes/Can become tourist destinations/Illegal logging can cause unwanted interactions often ends with tribes being shot at and made to flee their homes.

Answer 11

``` HDI GDP GII GDP per capita Employment structure ```

Answer 12

S Korea Dep Rep Congo Income per Capita $33,000 $4,800 % primary 3% 85% % secondary 40% 8% % tertiary 57% 7% HDI 0.75 0.27 GII 0.1 0.6

Answer 13

Economically, globalisation looks good for the world Gdp around 8 times the population levels HDI not converging or parallel like Thomas Friedman thought they would be - Norway had the highest of 0.95 HDI while Niger had the lowest of 0.373 HDI

Answer 14

Gender inequality index (GII) - countries at the top of HDI have less gender inequality than those at the bottom. Europe and the US have the least Gender inequality. Average female to male ratio - labour participation rates Advanced economies - around 0.83 Emerging and developing economies - around 0.6 and decreasing

Answer 15

More flights causes more pollution More people with higher income - buy more - increase in waste + pollution More energy used to power cities - pollution of greenhouse gases/fossil fuels burnt Deforestation - space needed for homes Mining - land scarring More cars = more air pollution Water depletion + Changing diets = Overgrazing from increase in demand for meat More factories pump waste into water bodies - increase in water pollution Resource extraction Urbanisation - increase in flooding as surfaces are impermeable Intensive agriculture - loss of biodiversity due to things such as pesticides Debt for Conservation Swap - negotiate to lower debt in exchange for natural resources J for judgement - Beijing air quality getting better The Guardian (2018) - humanity has wiped out 60% of the animal population since 1970, report finds (WWF)

Answer 16

Some countries’ HDI has risen rapidly in the last 25 years (eg Mozambique) others have been stable or even fallen (eg Zimbabwe) Gender inequality index range from Netherland (0.04) to Yemen (0.75) Labour participation ratio have fallen for women in emerging + developing countries in the last 25 years, but grown rapidly in advanced economies UK + China gini coefficient doubled during 1980s

Answer 17

Lorenz curve - The further away from the 45 degree line the more unequal it is. Gini coefficient = A/A+B A= Area between 45 degree line and lorenz curve B= Area under the curve Global Gini trend = World’s Gini coefficient has increased from 0.46 to 0.54 in 1985 to 2000. - Global Gini is rising. UK’s Gini trend - has increased between the years 1977 to 2013 from 24 to 34. China’s Gini trend - In 1980 it was 29 and has increased to 43 in 2010. Apply progressive tax to combat Gini rising

Answer 18

Resource extraction - Shell - Shell sued in the UK for decades of oil spills in Nigeria. In a 2011 report, the UN said in at least 10 communities in Ogoniland, public health was ‘seriously threatened’ by drinking water contaminated with hydrocarbons. Urbanisation - Ford, Chrysler, GM - Due to TNC’s such as GM, Ford and Chrysler moving their factories overseas, unemployment rose to over 20% in Detroit in 2008. Intensive agri - Bayer and Syngenta - manufacture Neonicotinoids which have been shown to damage bees. Three-quarters of flying insects in nature reserves across Germany have vanished in the last 25 years. Around 90% of plants need insects to pollinate.

Answer 19

WD - Coca-cola, Pespi - Takes 1.9 liters of water to produce one small bottle of Coca-Cola. Soda companies' sugarcane requirements were also damaging. Coca-Cola is the n.o. one buyer of sugarcane in India and Pesi is number three. 400 liters of water is used to make a bottle of Cola if you take into account the water used for sugarcane A/WP - Shell, Nestle, Motorola - are among 18 corporations that have failed to come clean about how dirty their operations are in China according to an investigation by Greenpeace; violated state regulations obliging them to promptly announce that the pollution they emitted exceeded permitted levels. MT - Ferrovial - Polish infrastructure project endangers local wildlife. To a large extent pension funds in northern Europe were already factoring environmental concerns into risk assessments of potential acquisitions. Some pension funds see environmental responsibility as part of the {asset’s} value.

Answer 20

WD - Trafigura - In 2006, Trafigura transported waste alleged to have been involved in injury of thousands of people in Ivory Coast. CD - KFC, McDs - KFC has 5,000 restaurants in China. McDonalds has 2400. China now has the largest overweight population in the world – 11% of men and 15% of women in a nation of 1.4 billion people. CC - Chevron, Exxon, BP - The climate crisis of the 21st century has been caused largely by just 90 companies, which between them produced two-thirds of man-made global warming/greenhouse gas emissions since the dawn of industrial ages.

Answer 21

China has been monitoring and managing the internet and its contents to selectively remove and restrict content they do not want the Chinese population to see. Effective - somewhat successful - Citizens have been able to work around barriers put in place on the internet to gain access to sites and information such as with the Deng Yujiao case where blogger Wu Gan gathered information on her case through a process known as “human flesh search engine”. However some may say it has been successful from evidence such as the amount of Weibo posts falling by 70% between 2011 and 2013 a direct impact from restrictions placed by the government and China shutting down 400 websites in purge on ‘improper values’. Problems - Using this method to control the internet and its content can lead to economic and scientific costs as well as damage to the government's credibility. It causes uprising and challenges the values of freedom of speech which can later on lead to rioting and uproar from Chinese citizens. For example, when Fang Binxing delivered a speech at Wuhan University in central China in 2011, a few students pelted him with eggs and a pair of shoes.

Answer 22

A person earns points according to different criteria: English language ability, Capacity to support oneself financially, Age and previous experience. If a migrant gets a certain amount of points they are allowed into the country. Effective - Data suggests that this method for the UK was in fact unsuccessful. Data from ONS shows that immigration after 2008 did at first decrease but around the beginning of 2014 spiked significantly to levels above 600 thousand and remained above throughout 2014 and 2015. Problems - Many migrants that do enter from other countries that do not meet the requirements set by the point system, many may try to enter the country through different routes, some potentially illegal methods and routes of getting into the country.

Answer 23

One country raises tariffs causing others to respond in the same or similar way and the cycle repeats. Effective - This method was successful as Trump imposed a 10% levy on $200bn worth of Chinese products and announced a plan to impose a 25% tariff on 4325bn of other Chinese goods which helped to protect industries in the US. Problems - Helped give a boost to US steel makers as demand is driven with new hires and bigger profits but US companies that need raw materials, like car makers will see their costs rise in turn they may increase the prices on their finished products which would hurt consumers.

Answer 24

``` Developers - Jumbo glacier resort Tourism - Ski industry Canadian government Ktunaxa Wild skiers Local population ```

Answer 25

Opportunities Potentially increase in tourism with the development of the Jumbo glacier resort Allows for new jobs to be created and locals who are potentially unemployed to be able to access jobs Can help to increase GDP due to increase in tourism Threats Threat to the grizzly bear population in the Purcells - current bear levels in 2014 were at a meagre 54% capacity just above what is legally considered threatened (50%) Not economically feasible - Dr. Brain Menounos says “The modelling that I have seen says most of the ice in the Columbia Basin will not be there by 2100” due to climate change. Proposed resort was on sacred land Community impact - Permanent development would have meant corporatization and led to controlled public access.

Answer 26

More extreme El Nino and la Nina events - increased floods and droughts - less available water Depleted groundwater stores - impact on agriculture, industry and domestic supplies Increasing drought and floods - may lead to increased mass migrations Reduction in rainfall mya reduce rain fed agriculture and water store Loss of snow and ice stores may increased water supplies in the short term but then may lead to shortages Greater evaporation could lead to increased evaporation from surface water supplies and reservoirs Rising sea levels could lead to increased salinity of coastal aquifers

Answer 27

``` Internal Coca cola (TNC) v locals Refugees v locals (Mali) Env v Gov - pearl river Local v gov - Aral sea International Nile Mekong Aral sea Farakka dam - India/Bangladesh ```

Answer 28

As water supply decreases, tensions will increase Many conflicts transboundary Colorado - disputes between 7 US states and Mexico - very overused - no longer reaches the sea Nile - dispute between Ethiopia and Sudan (control its headwaters) and Egypt Aral Sea - 10% of its original size Gange, Makon, Orange, Zambezi - risk in future

Answer 29

Demands - Population growth, Migration, Consumer demand, Industrial growth, Agricultural demand Supply - Reductions because of Users abstracting/polluting upstream, Deteriorating quality, Impact of climate change Different users - International conflicts ie basin crosses national boundaries, Internal conflicts within a country, Conservation vs exploitation, Conflicting demands from different users Overlap - Pressure and hence tension and conflict may be over surface flow and/or groundwater supplies - Dams and diversions and loss of wetlands are particularly contested

Answer 30

Nile Basin Initiative - system of cooperative management (late 1990s) All countries except Eritrea working with WB and bi-lateral aid donors Community level involvement Managers visited Colorado River to see how effectively the 1922 River Water Compact and its ‘law of the river’ works

Answer 31

History of hydropolitics: Tensions due to the dominance of Egypt Civil wars in Sudan, Ethiopia Tensions from Egypt’s treaties dating back to the 1929 and 1959 Nile Water Agreements Upstream states increasingly challenging Egypt’s dominance Ethiopia wants to use the Nile for HEP plants and industrial development The Nile is the world’s longest river (6,500 kms) About 85% originates from Ethiopia and Eritrea but 94% used by Sudan and Egypt

Answer 32

Reducing its capacity to be a carbon sink - warmer oceans don’t absorb as much carbon Ocean acidification - decrease in Ph because absorbing more carbon - calcium carbonate won't form so coral doesn’t grow - dropped from 8.2 to 8.1 - coral stops growing at 7.8 Coral bleaching - warmer oceans Changing the temperature of the oceans = warming - biodiversity starts to decrease/change in the living environment - decrease in some species eg Phytoplankton Ice caps melting - thermal expansion - sea levels rising - coastal flooding occurs more Changing ocean currents - changing the movement of carbon/water

Answer 33

Tourism Food source Coastal protection

Answer 34

Food - globally 20% of animal protein consumed by around 3 billion people comes from marine environments Medicine - algae used by pharmaceutical industry - reef species support new treatments for bacterial infections as well as some cancers - lose out on the ingredients for these medicines Building materials - coral reefs are mind for lime and stone in countries that lack alternative basic construction material Education and research

Answer 35

Food supply - locals eat fish - 25% of marine species are dependent on coral reefs Tourism p some Caribbean countries derive around half of their GNP from tourism Shoreline protection - buffer coasts from wave erosion and the impact of storms at much lower costs - losing protection makes coasts more vulnerable to erosion Building materials - coral reefs are mind for lime and stone in countries that lack alternative basic construction material

Answer 36

Human factors - global population - size and wreath - economic growth - will countries take a sustainable approach - future energy mix Natural factors - the role of carbon sinks - warmer temperatures have a large impact on how well oceans and forests absorb carbon Feedback mechanisms - carbon release from pearlands and permafrost - tipping points - forest dieback and alterations to the thermohaline circulation

Answer 37

Tipping point is an abrupt, possibly irreversible large-scale change over a few decades or less. Unknown when is could happen Seven possible ones: Atlantic thermohaline circulation collapse Seabed methane release Dieback of tropical rainforests and boreal forests Arctic ocean free of sea ice in summer Long term droughts Collapse of monsoon climate circulation

Answer 38

Requires global scale agreement and national actions both of which have proved to be problematic In 1997 Kyoto Protocol set CO2 emissions reduction targets for industrialised nations to meet United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change The Paris conference 2015 - step in right direction - brought together poorer and richer countries

Answer 39

Public concern Coverage of climate change in the media has increased immensely, particularly over the last 15 years The public’s understanding of the issue is growing but still only slowly Although climate change is rated highly, other issues (eg terrorism, population growth) are perceived to be more serious

Answer 40

Present rate of global warming is unprecedented Pre Industrial revolution carbon dioxide - 280 mil now 420 parts per mil IPCC has produced a range of ‘scenarios’ showing possible carbon dioxide levels and future temperature rises Carbon dioxide range 500ppm - 900ppm by 2011 Temperature range - 1.5 to 6.0c by 2100

Answer 41

Mitigation - Attempting to stop climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions Adaptation - Attempting to live with a changing climate by altering lifestyles. Longer term strategy - assumes that climate change will be gradual and therefore time to adapt Adaptation involves using tech to reduce the impacts of climate change Likely to be costly and may be possible in much of the developing world Many adaptation options are potentially environmentally damaging and will use up resources

Answer 42

Flood risk management - reduce the likelihood + impact of floods - Prevention, protection, preparedness, response + recovery Costs - Hard engineering - very expensive - rarely enviro friendly, ugly - Soft engineering - takes a long time to implement Benefits - Wildlife protection, erosion control, water quality maintained - surface water, recharges groundwater, high quality recreational Bangladesh - floating hospitals + farms Assessment - Hard engineering - expensive - not suitable for LICs Soft engineering better for LICs - more sustainable and cheaper

Answer 43

manage water sustainability eg water restoration schemes, high tech solutions costs - Really expensive - costs pushed onto consumer - Political issue - 75% of annual investment comes from South Africa - reliant on them for water benefits - Safer water - cheaper - 30% rise in Aral sea due to restoration - Singapore - holistic approach - Israel - desalination assessment - Hard engineering + top-down solutions are worse, a more holistic strategy/approach is best

Answer 44

reflects solar energy back into space - spray aerosol into space/marine cloud brightening Costs - Temporary solution, Doesn’t address ocean acidification, Incredibly expensive, Unrealistic, Global cooperation requited, Unforeseen climate impacts Benefits - halts/slows down global warming, Reduces Greenhouse effect, Gives time to tackle the problem of CO2 emissions Assessment - Good plan B option, Not enough research to prove it wont have negative impacts

Answer 45

tax on the amount of carbon produced for making goods + services Costs - Burden off tax often pushed onto consumers in the form of higher prices , can avoid carbon tax by relocating abroad, effectiveness depends on design and implementation of tax , may impact low income families more Benefits - Higher incentive to move towards renewables/use less energy - Sweden lowered emissions by 20% , government revenue raised, can help to reduce deaths that result from local air pollution Assessment - it is a good way to reduce carbon emissions but due to backlash in some countries about rising energy prices that come as a consequence, carbon tax has so far played only a supporting role in efforts to reduce carbons emissions. However, it has the potential to significantly reduce emissions if tax levels are increased.

Answer 46

plant new trees + protect the ground from erosions + flooding costs - Monocultures can be created - risk of disease - commercial use - less carbon absorption + more water native grasslands can be converted to forests - harms biodiversity benefits - Protects ground from soil erosion, increases carbon sink , Increased forest cover helps to reduce impact of flooding 1 mil trees planted in UK assessment - unsuccessful if not well managed - needs well governance + often works better on a smaller scale

Answer 47

less energy to gain the same amount of it - can be small scale or large scale - homes or buildings costs - Expensive to build - £9 million - on a large scale benefits - Less emissions produced - dont need as much energy, Longer term benefits, increase energy security, encourages economic growth as less is spent on energy 20 times more airtight assessment - Longer term - cheaper + less emissions produced Only an option in HICs - can be very expensive + infrastructure can be unavailable

Answer 48

July 1944 Established how the world would be run after the second world war IMF, WB, a system for agreeing foreign exchange rates, agreement that open markets were a good thing J - The agreement favoured the UK and USA

Answer 49

Based in Washington DC 50% voting rights from 9 countries Promotes policies which favour US and Europe Reputation for financing projects which were wasteful, corrupt, environmentally damaging and burden poor countries with debt

Answer 50

Based in washington DC Always headed by a European Hardly democratic as the US have 15% of votes, 61% of votes are held by 14 members Promotes policies which favour US and Europe, for example “Structural Adjustments” in return for getting loans from WB or IMF

Answer 51

Based in Switzerland Regulated world trade, promoting free trade which tends to favour US and Europe Decision making by “mutual agreement” but US and Europe most influential Has helped created explosion in global trade increased by 40 times 2017 $32 trillion

Answer 52

J - head of the IMF Christine Lagarde says that IGOs are good however, Seun Kuti a Nigerian singer says that they are eroding away culture and have made countries poorer E.g. Senegal spent more on debt than education and healthcare combined and they wanted to focus on their nut export and then they had to go through structural adjustment programmes and privatise businesses and focus on quality of life.

Answer 53

TNC hold a lot of power Walmart (US) US$490 billion bigger than GDP of Poland State grid (China) US$300 billion same as GDP in Hong Kong Berkshire hathaway (US) US$220 billion same as Bangladesh Exor (Italy) US$160billion same as Qatar

Answer 54

By 2015 China made 50% of patent applications up from 5% in 2000 US 10% 2015 Japan decreased from 60% in 1995 to 10% in 2015 EU 5% in 2015 Korea Rep. 10% India 1% Rest of the world 5%

Answer 55

``` Count of 100 largest companies in the world by country US 53 China 10 UK 8 Germany 6 ¾ from 4 countries ```

Answer 56

you register it under patent law with the WTO If someone else wants to use you idea They pay you a royalty to do so Your spend the money on having more ideas

Answer 57

Means that countries get richer and have better property development as they have more to spend on it Royalties cause products to be more expensive for example the HIV drug was patented which meant that around 720,000 died in Africa from HIV as they could not get the drug compared to 49,000 in Europe in 2016 WB put up posters saying “children say no to sex and adults be faithful to your partner(s) use a condom”

Paper 3 Flashcards

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