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1
Q

how ex public school boys contributed to development of sport post 1850 (4)

A

formed NGBs; spread sports eg as soldiers, clergymen; codified the rules; develop leagues and competitions eg FA cup

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2
Q

name and describe the two levels of UK Sport’s World Class Programme

A

podium: supports athletes with potential to win medal at next Olympics (4years max); podium potential: supports athletes with potential to win a
medal at the next but one Olympics (8years max)

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3
Q

how do sports clubs contribute to elite sporting success (6)

A

give competitive experience; talent identification/scouting; specialist coaching; provide equipment and facilities; financial concessions (match fees, gym memberships); physio/medical support

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4
Q

changes in the media coverage of women’s sport since the 1980s (5)

A

more (hours) of coverage; more presenters; wider range of sports covered; less sexualised; more live coverage/premier channels at peak times

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5
Q

explain possible reasons for fewer cities bidding to host Olympics (15)

A

bidding very £; hosting can put country into debt; increase taxes; increase house prices; temporary employment benefits; benefits only to host city and local area; locals moved away from homes; poor performance reflects badly; disruption eg to travel; threat of terrorism/increase crime; negative environmental impacts; redundant facilities/cost to maintain; deviance highlighted; legacy not sustained; funding diverted to Olympic sports

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6
Q

explain the social and cultural changes that caused mob football to decline as a pastime (12)

A

urbanisation (moved rural to urban); less space in towns/cities, mob games need lots of ground; no time, long hours in factories; no energy because of long work day/week; factory owners don’t give time off for wakes/fairs; factory owners discouraged as they led to injury; traditional rivalries gone due to migration; law and order, violence less tolerated; police more widespread, arrests for unruly behaviour; mob games discourage by middle class; more organised sport than mob; increase education so understand complex organised sport

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7
Q

explain the concept of the golden triangle (5)

A

the relationship/interdependence between sport, sponsorship and media; commercialisation represents commercial nature of sport; sponsor gains exposure; sport get £ so equipment, prizes, popularity; media get £ from advertising and increase viewers

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8
Q

evaluate the effect that modern technology has on spectators +(6) -(4)

A

+: ensure fair outcomes; increase entertainment/excitement; 24 hr access, sport viewed anytime anywhere; increase level of performance; enhance understanding; prolong players careers/return quickly from injury; -: takes away from true nature; slows sport down; encourages cheating; better experience at home, fewer attend live games

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9
Q

strategies to prevent drop out of elite development programmes (6)

A

identify problems (evaluate athlete to identify stressors/difficulties); performance lifestyle advice (advise mixing sport and personal life, financial advice); strategies for dealing with media; arrange medical intervention eg physio; suggest training adaptations; psychological support/teach stress management

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10
Q

how national institutes of sport help team GB win more medals eg for each point (6)

A

world class performance environments eg Olympic swimming pool at bath uni; talent ID eg #discover your gold; sport science support eg nutrition, strength + conditioning, psychology; medical support eg physio, injury treatment and prevention; technology eg sport wheelchairs; research eg into enhancing training, aerodynamics

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11
Q

how universities contribute to elite sporting success in the UK (7)

A

scholarships; facilities; coaching; competition; sport science/medical support; train and study without conflict; host centres of national sport institutes

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12
Q

ways in which modern technology can increase

participation in sport (6)

A

more access to activities/facilities; motivation; learning skills easier, more enjoyable, safer so encourages participation; allow disable to take part more easily; opportunity in all weather/after dark; mass production of equipment so cheap and readily available

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13
Q

why crowds of spectators are sometimes violent at sports events (6)

A

frustration with result/performance/official; hooliganism/tradition; importance of event/derby/overhype; alcohol/drugs; nature of sport; deindividualization, going along with the group

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14
Q

features of globalised sport eg for each (6)

A

worldwide media coverage on multiple platforms eg world cup, Wimbledon; freedom of movement of players eg Spanish footballers in the prem; regular international fixtures eg europa league; sport as worldwide business eg replica premier league football shirts sold in asia; teams/spectators travel to compete and watch abroad eg midweek football games in europe

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15
Q

compare pre industrial sport with 19th century public school sport (10)

A

pre v 19: unlimited playing area v specific pitch markings; unwritten/simple rules v written rules; everyday clothing v specialist sport clothing; violent/cruel v sportsmanship; irregular v regular; unlimited teams v specific team sizes; simple resources v equipment and facilities; no coach v some coach; linked to jobs v not linked to jobs; local v travel to fixtures

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16
Q

how education affects participation in sport in the 21st century (9)

A

compulsory PE; initiatives increase opportunities; private schools more opportunity; fixtures allow to participate competitively; extra curricular clubs increase opportunities; PE introduce to wide range of activities; school club links increase participation; negative school experience discourage participation; educate about health benefits increase participation

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17
Q

how increased cost of TV contracts affects sport of football and spectators (12)

A

F: increase £ to clubs from coverage; increase wages/transfer fees; increase funding for grassroots; increase £ for building new facilities; standard of play increased; over reliance; media control of game timings; rich clubs richer, lower leagues gain less; S: prices increase; more exciting as standard increased; cant afford to watch as subs increase; more adverts as media need them to cover cost

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18
Q

why gambling is becoming a big problem in modern sport (7)

A

rise in illegal betting; volume of adverts; access online makes it easier to be involved; increase likelihood of match fixing/bribery; performers can get gambling problems; lead to addiction/debt; gambling companies are sponsors which can encourage betting

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19
Q

has modern technology made sport fairer +(6) -(2)

A

yes: help officials make more accurate decisions; more accurate timing; reverse incorrect decisions; improve detection of gamesmanship/fouls; improve doping detection; allow disabled athletes to be included; no: inequality in who can afford it; new drugs/methods to avoid tests

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20
Q

outline a development programme to find and develop potential elite performers in a new sport (10)

A

provision of facilities; training of coaches; talent ID; physio or psychological screening of attributes; physiological support (physio, biomechanics); develop clubs/competition; train officials at all levels; financial support for elite; psychological support for pressure; campaigns to promote sport

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21
Q

how law makes sport safer (5)

A

banning orders; alcohol bans; duty of care; drug laws; on pitch foul play prosecutes in court

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22
Q

strategies to prevent player violence (6)

Study These Flashcards
A

punishment; importance of role models/responsibility; teach anger management; fair play rewards; coach assertion > aggression; technology to assist officials in identifying conflict

23
Q

how the formation of the national governing bodies linked to the social and cultural
developments of post 1850 (6)

Study These Flashcards
A

society becoming more civilized so rules were required; people could now travel so need common rules; improved education so written rules appropriate and accessible; better working conditions and shorter hours, more can play, more organization needed; middle class tried to improve health of working class through organized sport; increase professional so rules needed to make sport fair

24
Q

how global media coverage has changed the nature of sport (9)

Study These Flashcards
A

sport formats, created more entertaining media friendly formats (T20); NGBs altered rues to increase media appeal and excitement (tie break); start times fixed by media to suit global market; more international fixtures and competitions; increase player income; increase status, global superstars; increase size of audience; technology introduced to ensure fair outcome and increase entertainment; sport more commercialised, more sport related product for sale

25
why private school students might be the most successful (6)
more curriculum time/time to train; specialist coaches; specialist facilities, equipment, technology; talented comprehensive students given scholarships; wider range of activities; more fixtures/higher standard of competition
26
effect that increased media coverage might have on squash +(6) -(6)
+: receive money from TV rights; more sponsors attracted by greater media; money will improve facilities, coach, equipment, quality; increase popularity/awareness; increase participation/role models; elite earn more £; -: overeliant; media may withdraw at any time; may have to alter characteristics to attract media; traditional player/fans driven away; pressure on elite to be successful to keep media; media may control timing
27
why cyclists in tour de france use drugs (5)
need to win; fame and fortune; coaches expect cyclists to use them; feel they need to to keep up/level playing field; train harder/increase endurance
28
how might use of illegal drugs affect sport of cycling (6)
lose sponsors as they don't want to be associated; participants may drop out; may lose public support (spectator) as of negative image; negative media coverage; come under pressure to identify and deal with cheat; cycling required to improve detection and monitoring techniques
29
idenitfy roles of UK sport and explain how they might help athletes to win olympic medals (6)
finance + implement talent ID schemes - athletes may be identified by TID scheme, might have no previous experience in sport they're selected for; assist NGBs to administer + fund world class programme - medal winners may be on WC podium scheme; decides and distributes £ to NGBs - NGBs provide facilities, training camps etc; fund NGB nominated athlete with medal chances at next 2 Olympics - APA or TASS; support development of elite coaches - athletes have access to top coaches; finances national institutes - which provide sport science support to enable success
30
how modern technology can aid elite performance eg for each (7)
assessment of potentials screening eg physiological make up, body fat %, bone density; injury diagnosis/treatment/rehab eg MRI, ultrasound, surgery; enhance training eg treadmill, hypoxic chambers; simulated competition environments eg surf, bobsled; improve equipment eg bikes, prosthetics; player monitoring eg GPS, trackers; sport science support eg VO2 max, video analysis
31
describe the early aims and philosophy of the modern olympic (9)
amateurism/taking part for love of it without financial gain; taking part more important than winning; peace/friendship/bring people together; fair play/sportsmanship; appreciation of physical endeavour; remove discrimination/increase respect and equality; educating young people; balance between mind and body; role modelling
32
how public schools help promote and organise sports and games in 19th century (9)
money for specialist facilities/space for expansion; specialist/professional coaches; support/encouragement by teachers or sport valuable to instil values; lots of time for practise/daily participation; inter house games; inter school fixtures/competition; codification of rules/foundation of NGBs; role models/sixth formers ran younger teams; spread via ex pupils (teachers, army officers spread through empire)
33
describe benefits to uk society of london having hosted olympics in 2012 (9)
regeneration for deprived area/increase sense of community in local area; legacy of specialist facilities; increase participation/improve health; improved infrastructure/better transport; profit from tourism/good for economy; job opportunity for locals; reduce discrimination/stereotyping for disability; shop window effect/nation building; national pride/patriotism
34
how freedom of movement of players influences sport in 21st century (5)
allow performers to cross continents in different sports; move to different countries for training; successful clubs/teams tour other 'markets'; increase potential fan base of successful sport/clubs/teams; easier travel makes competitions more flexible/possible
35
positive sporting impacts which hosting a global sporting event could have on a country (7)
shop window effect/raise status; increase funding for sport; increases in exporting of goods/services; increase participation; develops excellence in sports; development of world class facilities; raise awareness of health/fitness
36
how social class influenced characteristics of sport in pre industrial britain (7)
different classes took part in different activities; eg lower mob football, upper real tennis; different classes may have different roles in games; eg cricket; social class influenced access to sports due to money, free time etc; nature of some activities reflected class of people who played them; eg mob football violent
37
explain how 'cult of athleticism' in 19th century public schools impacted development of sport (8)
encouraged physical endeavour; helped developed rules/develop moral integrity; develop NGBs; develop competition/leagues; help develop fair play/sportsmanship; ex public school boys spread games as army officers/priests etc; lots of time devoted to team games/games often compulsory each day; specialist facilities develop as result of athleticism
38
how might hosting a major sporting event have negative social effects on the host city (7)
people displaced by development required; during event local prices may increase; more focus to event than longer term local issues; investment/interest in other social projects lost; benefits may not be felt by majority of local people; positive effects short lived and leave other problems behind; hosting event may cause resentment in other areas
39
how public schools influenced sport in post 1850 industrial britain (9)
schools promoted sport as being important; headmasters well respected and influential people; contribute to development of competition/school fixtures; contribute to development of rules; development of facilities helped promote sport; promotion of ethics through sport; developed cult of athleticism for fair play; influenced spread and export of sport/old boys; links made between sport and health helped promote sport
40
how social class affected participation in sport in the 20th century (7)
sport divided by social class eg rowing/tennis; amateurism dominated by middle class eg rugby union; professionalism associated with working class eg football; more time for middle/less for working eg golf; more money for middle/less for working eg skiing; middle/upper associated with public/grammar schools eg dominate school competitions; greater equity later in the 20th eg municipial facilities
41
how levels of education affected participation in sport in pre-industrial Britain (3)
unwritten rules for sports such as mob football due to illiteracy; simple rules for lower class; more sophisticated/advanced rules for upper class
42
how changes in transport have affected sport between the 20th century and today (6)
more participation; more spectatorship; more flexibility of playing sport; due to more private car ownership; less activity levels as more journeys by car than walking; increase rail fares limit participation; more opportunity for international sport due to cheap air travel
43
how the Industrial Revolution affected working class participation in sport in post 1850 Britain (9)
urbanisation reduced space to play sport; 72 hour work week little time to participate; poor hygiene/disease/injury limit participation; low wages, lack disposable income; saturady half day increase opportunity; factory owners set up teams to increase participation; 56 hour work week increase time and energy; middle class emergence gave them increased wealth to participate in wider range; beach excursions increased swimming/bathing
44
political benefits of hosting global sporting events (5)
+: political leaders gain credit for success; national pride and unity; shop window effect for culture and political system; attract more investment and trade if successful; increase employment may improve government popularity
45
political drawbacks of hosting global sporting events (6)
-: cost may be politically unpopular; failure reduce national self esteem/productivity; protests embarrass government/undermine event; increase threat of terrorism; negative environment impact reduce popularity of government party; lack of legacy may make government unpopular
46
what is meant by cult of athleticism
combination of physical endeavour/effort and moral integrity/sportsmanship
47
how former public school boys exported and spread sports from the public schools at home and abroad (7)
boys taking games to uni/became teachers and tool games to other schools; codifying rules/forming NGBs; became missionaries/clergy and took games abroad/spread within parish; joined army/became officers and took games abroad/around empire; set up clubs/leagues in towns/taught to children; set up factory teams and leagues and introduced games to workforce; became politicians and set up local teams/acts of parliaments
48
how law and order has shaped the characteristics of sport in the 21st century (8)
safer: officials/coaches have legal duty of care to keep players safe eg rugby ref sued for not maintaining safety in scrum, organisers legal duty of care to keep spectators safe eg hillsborough; fairer: players protected by legal contracts, stricter laws/severe sanctions control deviance eg PEDs; equal: equality laws prevent discrimination eg golf clubs; less violent: violence on field dealt with by courts (assault), laws limit spectator violence eg banning orders; court of arbitration for sport organised to deal with disputes in sports law
49
examples of how law makes sport safer in the 21st century (5)
banning orders of known hooligans; alcohol sale bans; duty of care of officials/organisers for player/spectator safety; some PEDs illegal to preserve health; on pitch foul play can be prosecuted in courts
50
describe the main factors that have lead to commercialisation of sport in the 21st century (7)
increase media presence and exposure; greater ability of performers and spectators to travel; greater presence of advertising; sponsorship leads to more £ available to teams; greater exposure of people to a wider variety of sports; links between advertising and sponsorship 'the golden triangle'; rise of dedicated tv channels/radio stations for sport
51
ways internet has changed how spectators watch sport (4)
more available to livestream; can watch on demand/catch up/at any time; can watch while travelling/outside home/phone/don't need a tv; can watch some live sports or highlights for free
52
describe changes in media coverage of sport since 1980s (12)
now includes different types of media (egs)/increase internet influence; 24hour; bigger proportion of sports that's pay per view/subs; increase role of social media in promotion; less sexist gender representation; live sport can be controlled with visual media (rewind); wider range in media; more coverage of disability sport; rise of status/personalities in sport promoted through media; media has growing control over sport (start times); more global; sport coverage important to media eg channels market themselves based off their sports offer
53
positive effects of the golden triangle on sport today (5)
sports gaining coverage will gain more sponsorship which benefits athletes; sports gaining sponsor and coverage increase funds to develop participation/elite/facilities; media lead to rule changes that make sport more exciting eg 2020 cricket; increase availability of sport to spectators due to increase coverage; sponsors can £by association with sport and covergae
54
negative effects of the golden triangle on sport today (7)
media influence how and when sport played so timing not good for certain audiences; sponsors have disproportionate benefits in sports where media interested eg men's football; lack of media interest reduces sponsors and funds; media funds increase pressure to win, damage integrity/lead to win at all costs/drugs; participation imbalance as choose sports with lots of coverage and sponsor at cost of others; increase adverts due to increase sponsors and media can take away from sport; media and sponsors can add to pressure of athletes and their families

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