Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Bio to go over > paper 3! > Flashcards

paper 3! Flashcards

(55 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what do exocrine glands do and give examples

A

-secrete molecules to either the surface of the body or the lumen (gut)
eg. salivary, gastric, intestinal and pancreatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

describe the structure of an exocrine gland?

A

contain secretory cells (create and secrete chemicals) connected to a duct ( allows chemicals to move to desired location)
-secretory cells are shaped based on function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what do nervous and hormonal mechanisms do?

A

control the secretion of pancreatic juices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what do nerves do and give example?

A

-are electrical messages via neuron’s eg. smelling food sends signal to stomach to release gastric juices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are hormones and give example?

A

-chemical messages via molecules eg, food enters SI and pancreas secretes digestive chemicals (like bile) to neutralise stomach acids and break down fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what do gastric glands do?

A

secrete H ions into the stomach, lowering the pH, making it more acidic
-allows it too digest food, activate stomach protease and destroy any potential pathogens ingested

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what happens if there is a problem with gastric glands?

A

-too many H ions secreted out of proton pump so stomach is too acidic
-patients are prescribed with proton pump inhibitor drugs which bind to proton pump and block hydrogen ions being created

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is a consequence of the stomach being less acidic?

A

it is more prone to infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are stomach ulcers?

A

an inflamed and damaged area in the stomach wall due to bacteria infection by helicobacter pylori

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how are stomach ulcers created?

A

-bacteria damages the cells responsible for creating protective mucus secretions, preventing the mucus layer being made
-this means the lining is exposed to the acid and the tissue is destroyed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what do villi do?

A

increase the surface area in the SI for absorption (are covered in microvilli)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is fibre?

A

plant material that we can’t digest or absorb eg.cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does eating foods contain fibre do?

A

-slows down the digestive process as it gives food more time to be mixed w/ enzymes.
-This is healthier as it prevents the direct absorption of sugar molecules into the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is cholera?

A

-caused by bacteria- infects he intestines causing acute diahrea and dehydration in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how does cholera cause dehydration?

A

-the toxin is brought in by bacteria and increases the rate of cyclin AMP
-c AMP then activates specific ion channels letting molecules out of the membrane
-water inside and outside of the membrane becomes unbalanced creating a hypertonic solution so water moves out by osmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are liver cells called

A

hepatocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

describe the structure of the liver

A

-tissue of the liver is made up of lobules (consist of hepatocytes in large hexagonal structures)
-3 main structures surround the lobule: hepatic artery, bile duct and portal vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does the bile duct do?

A

carries bile to the gall bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

describe the role of the liver in the movement of nutrients?

A

-both hepatic artery and portal vein move nutrients to the central vein in the lobule through a sinusoid
-the sinusoid membrane has large gaps in its structure so nutrients can be moved through/ processed in the liver
-once reached central vein blood is taken back to heart via the vena cava
-excess nutrients can also be stored in the liver (eg. excess sugar molecules as glycogen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the function of the hepatic artery

A

carries oxygenated blood which is used to sustain the liver cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

function of the portal vein

A

carries blood from gut to the liver- blood is low in oxygen but high in absorbed nutrients from SI
-this allows for the liver to regulate nutrient levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how does the liver regulate cholesterol levels

A

excess cholesterol is moved from cells by HDL to the liver
-in the liver its converted to bile salts for elimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how does detoxification take place in the liver?

Study These Flashcards
A

-toxins are converted to less harmful components via oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis reactions
-are then attached to other substances to make is water soluble, which is easily excreted from the body

24
Q

what are plasma proteins and what do they do

Study These Flashcards
A

-are found in the blood and produced in hepatocytes (by the rough ER and exported by Golgi apparatus)
-there are many different types w/ different functions eg. fibrinogen- used in blood clotting

25
what are RBC also known as
erythrocytes
26
what are kupffer cells and what do they do?
-specialised cells in the lining of the sinusoid in the liver, used to recycle red blood cells -breakdown haemoglobin into global and heme groups -globin is digested by peptidases to produce amino acids (are then recycled by the liver) -heme groups broken down into iron (transported to bone marrow) and bilirubin
27
what is bilirubin and what can an excess of it do?
-is a bile pigment -excess can leak into other surrounding tissues in fluids causing jaundice (excess can occur thru liver disease, gallbladder obstruction or increased destruction of RBC)
28
what are the symptoms of jaundice
-itchiness -pale stools -dark urine -yellow discolouration of skin and eye whites
29
what is malnutrition caused by?
a deficiency, imbalance or excess of nutrients
30
what are conditional amino acids?
-not essential but become essential in certain conditions like pregnancy eg. arganine, glutamine
31
what is phenlketonuria (PKU)
genetic condition that mutates the phenylalanine hydroxylase enzymes so they don't function properly (are used to breakdown phenylalaline)
32
what is the consequence of PKU and how can it be treated?
-caused toxic build up of phenylalanine in the blood and urine leading to brain damage -treated with strict diet restricting consumption of the amino acid preventing a large build up
33
name the essential fatty acids and why can't they be made
-omega 3 and omega 6 -body lacks proper enzymes to create the double bonds at required positions
34
what happens to cholesterol and fat molecules when consumed in the diet?
-cant be broken down in bloodstream so packaged into lipoproteins (HDL or LDL) so they can be transported -HDL- carry excess cholesterol back to the liver for disposal lowering blood cholesterol levels -LDL- carry cholesterol from liver to the body, raising blood cholesterol
35
what foods is cholesterol high in and what are the consequences of a lot of it?
-by eating foods high in saturated and trans fats -can lead to plaque build up in arteries, blocking blood flow causing heart attack
36
lack of vitamin c?
-leads to scurvy (loose teeth and bleeding gums)
37
lack of vitamin D
-leads to rickets (misshaped bones)
38
what are minerals
essential chemical elements the body needs to function properly
39
describe how hormones control appetite
-hypothalamus-recieves signals from leptin and ghrelin -leptin decreases hunger levels telling brain to stop eating when full -ghrelin increases hunger levels when body needs food
40
what are the consequences of changes in hormones relating to appetite
-can lead to over/under eating -over eating-lead to obesity causes hypertension and type 2 diabetes -undereating-starvation and anorexia- heart muscle begins to breakdown due to lack of nutrients-heart arrhythmias
41
what is hypertension
when the heart pumps harder because blood flow is restricted in the vessels
42
what does the unique structure of cardiac muscle cells do
allows for the propagation of stimuli through the heart wall
43
describe how the structure of the heart allows the muscles to contract and the heart to beat?
-cardiac muscle cells create heavy branched tissue which has inter calculated discs between them -these discs separate cardiac muscle cells and create space for action potential ions to be transferred between cells, depolarising the next cell (caused by signals from the SA node) -this helps generate action potential for the muscles in the heart to contract and creates a heart beat -these cells also contain a large amount of mitochondria, allowing them to always keep the heart beating
44
what are inter calculated discs made up of
gap junctions and desmosomes
45
describe the passage of signals from the SA node and the purpose pf this
-pass across muscle cells to atria first and then ventricles by the AV node -this allows time for the atria to contract before ventricles allowing for proper blood flow through heart chambers
46
what do conduction fibres do?
-they line the tissue of the heart to ensure that muscles are contracting at the correct time
47
what is an electrocardiograph used for?
to measure heart electricity by showing the different stages of electricity in the heart while beating -used to see if someone has an irregular heartbeat by comparing it to a standard graph
48
describe what the 3 parts of an electrocardiograph show?
p wave- depolarisation of atria in response to signals from SA node QRS complex- depolarisation of ventricles from AV node T wave- repolarisation of ventricles
49
what are heart sounds caused by?
the AV and semilunar valves closing
50
what is thrombosis and what is it caused by?
-the formation of a clot within a blood vessel -occurs from cholesterol deposits building up in vessels (atherosclerosis)
51
what is the consequences of thrombosis?
-reduces size of lumen making it hard for blood to move through -increases pressure inside the arteries as blood cells are forced to move thru a narrower space causing hypertension
52
what is a pacemaker
an electrical device that artificially controls the beating of the heart
53
how does a pacemaker work
electric wires are implanted, helping the heart cells to depolarise at the correct time -this regulates heart rate ensuring blood flow and oxygen intake are sufficient
54
what is the purpose of a defibrillator
-used when someones heart stops beating -aims to reset the electricity in the heart to get it beating again
55
how does a defibrillator work
-2 pads are placed on the thoracic cavity which is aligned with the heart -the machine sends an electrical impulse through the body and heart, shocking the heart into a normal rhythm

Bio to go over (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions