Paper 3 Flashcards
(18 cards)
Outline Rusbults investment theory
One or more strength
Rusbults developed SET by proposing teh investment theory. He saw commitment as a key factor in sustaining a relationship and commitments depends on comparison with alternatives, satisfaction and investment. Investment acts a a deterrent from leaving relationship - intrinsic are put directly into relationship, extrinsic are arising out of relationship
Strengths:
- Le and Agnew meta analysis satisfaction +0.68, comparison w alternative +0.48 and investments +0.46
- explains why people stay in relationships that no longer appear to offer rewards
Describe and evaluate social exchange theory :
AO1:
Economic theory of romantic relationship, considers how parnters exchange rewards and costs. Assumes those who offer rewards are attractive those who come with costs less. Include comparison level and comparison with alternatives
Predicts relationships that benefit both parties will succeed whereas unbalanced relationships will fail
AO3:
- rusbult supporting evidnce:
Questionnaire students - satisfaction of costs and rewards was correlated to commitment therefore strong relationship
- le supporting evidnce
Correlations for commitment and CL: +0.48 - oversimplifies complex human romantic relationship - doesnt account for selfish behaviour
- compare with Rusbults investment model
- cultural bias
Individualistic cultures tend to prioritize individual satisfaction and autonomy, while collectivist cultures often prioritize the needs of the group or family.
In collectivist cultures, partners may be more satisfied if they are over-benefitting, as this may align with the group’s needs or expectations.
Furthermore, concepts like comparison levels of alternatives (CLalt) and the importance of individual satisfaction may not be as relevant in cultures where family and community play a larger role in relationship dynamics.
What is meant by equity?
An economic model of romantic relationships that is based on fairness for each partner, each partner experiences a balance if cost and rewards
Outline the bottom - up approach to offender profiling (4 marks)
It is a data driven approach which uses data from the crime scene and victim to build a statistical database. Statistical information is analysed to find relationships between the crimes. Investigative psychology is used in thsi approach. It assumes interpersonal coherence - the way the offender behaved at the crime scene is consist with how behave in day to day life. Significance of time and place can be used to make inferences in base and mode of travel. And forensics awarenss that the criminal may be exposed to police interrogation so be more careful in crime scene
Geographical profiling is used to analyse the crime scene location and local knowledge to provide clues about the offender where they live, work, socialise
Crime mapping and analysis of spatial desicions tells us whether they are a marauder or commuter
Briefly explain the top down approach
Uses conceptual categories of criminals to create an offender profiling. The categories are organised or disorganised and are pre existing the the profilers mind when they get to crime scene. They use evidence form the crime scene and other details to fit offenders into either of the categories and determine what type of offender they are
What is the nomothetic approach? Suggest one limitation.
The nomothetic approach uses study’s of samples to formulate general principles of behaviour
A limitation of the nomothetic approach is that it often uses quantitative data which provides less meaningful information
Cannot find out information in depth about simple cases
Strengths and limitations of the reductionist approach.
Strength:
- studying single components makes the approach more scientifically credible
- more objective to consider basic components of behaviour
- better able to isolate cause when studying basic behaviour
Limitation:
- oversimplifies behvaiours and ignores the complex interaction of factors
- can distract from other more appropriate theory’s or explanation
- less able to understand meaning or primary cause of behaviour which may be many components
Discuss ethical implications. Refer to studies in psychology.
Ethical implications:
Effects of research on participant
Effects of publication on wider public
Effect on group represented - Potential bias against people of certain cultures or socioeconomic backgrounds
Implications on government bodies
Application to topics:
Bowlbys research and effects on child rearing mothers
Genetic basis of criminality and aggression
Discussion:
Cost / benefit discussion which considers the costs of the research being conducted and the benefits of it.
While cost benefit analysis can identify some costs, some implications are not known until after study or many years after publication. Furthermore, some research could have short term costs but in the long term be valuable to further psychologists
Ethical committees should recognise ethe importance of research on socially sensitive areas. Some sensitive reas such as gender are less researched becasue researchers are put off. Results in a lack of reasrch in this area which is a problem becasue unique issues faced by minority groups are not studied so no help.
Socially sensitive research is important
a
Outline sexual selection for partner preferences
Driven by sexual selection
Mates are picked to maximise reproductive success. Males have intra specific selection which is when they compete with eachother to reproduce with as many mates as possible. Inter specific selection is females are choosy and selective while males becsue they want resources for investments to offspring.
Characteristics that maximise reproductive success are more likley to be passed on . Males look for qualities of fertility e.g youthfulness. Females look for qualities of resourcefulness e.g money
How to obtain a stratified sample.
Identify sub groups/ strata in a population
Calculate required proportion from each stratum based on the proportion in the population
Select sample at random from each stratum
Use a random selection method e.g computer calculator, random number generator
Points on a debriefing statement for ethical treatment:
Confidentiality
Withdrawal of data
Protection from harm
Debrief of explaining full aim/purpose of study
Discuss the attachment theory explanations for parasocial relationships.
Attachment theory is based off the claim that parasocial relationship can be linked to attachment problems in childhood and the characteristics are linked to the attachments type.
Bowlby noted that failure to attach or poor attachment lead that lead to insecure attachment types led to implications on the child’s further relationships becasue of the IWM incl affectionless psychopathy, delinquency.
Insecure resistant attachments are most likley to for parasocial relationships becasue parasocial rel meets there needs for attachment for example they fear rejection and there is no risk of rejection
Evaluation:
- supporting evidence:
Cole and leets used an attachment type questionnaire and calculated parasocial relationships with 20 items on relationships with celebrities. Found that insecure res most likley, secure least, insecure av middle
- McCutcheon:
Found people with insecure attachments were no more likley to form parasocial relationships, but once formed, was more intense for insecure res
Inconsistent evidence so unclear
Attachment may change over time, studies could be retrospective including establishing childhood attachment type, lacks validity and causal explanation
What is co morbidity?
Where two conditions co exist in the same individual at the same time
What is symptom overlap and how could it lead or problems in the diagnosis and classification of sz?
Symptoms overlap is when there are symptoms that are part of more than one disorder.
Could lead to incorrect diagnosis becasue they may exhibit one typical symptom of sz but could instead have another disorder with the same symptom
Distributions
Positive: mean is higher than median and mode and is skewed to the right
Negative: mean is lower so is skewed to the left
Evaluate evolutionary explanations for sexual selection
Buss: 33 countries 10,000 people. Survey looking at preferences in mates. Females preferred traits that could lad to resourcefulness e.g intelligence. Males preferred youthfulness.
Matched predictions of evolutionary explanation. True universal behvaiour, reflects a true epic construct
Lonely hearts - males 42% mentioned youthful but only 25% females mentioned it. Females talked about looks, males talked about economic status
Limitation: alpha bias, exaggerated differneces between male and female sex behaviours and tendencies. Suggests males are and should have more casual sex than women can lead to encouraging shaming women, double standards, which is socially sensitive
Doesn’t explain homosexual relationships
