PAPER 3 Crime And Deviance

Question 1

How are crime and deviance definjed and measured?

what is a crime?

Answer 1

A legal wrong that can be followed by legal proceedings.

Question 2

How are crime and deviance defined and measured?

what is deviance?

Answer 2

Behaviour which is disapproved by society which doesn’t conform to shared values or norms

Question 3

How are crime and deviance defined and measured?

What three things define the relativity of deviance?

Answer 3

Time, Culture and Circumstance

Question 4

Police recorded crime figures

what is police recorded crime?

Answer 4

Statistics that are supplied by police in England and Wales. Only include crime which police record.

Question 5

Police recorded crime figures

what are strengths of police recorded crime?

Answer 5

• They are easy to access.
• They are up to date
• They cover the whole population
  and go back many years.

Question 6

Police recorded crime figures

What are limitations of police recorded crime?

Answer 6

• They do not include unreported
  or undetected crimes. e.g the
  dark figure of crime.
• Pressure on police to meet crime
  reduction may lead to some
  crimes ‘disappearing’ from
  figures- impacts of police
  discretion.
• Accuracy may vary from area to
  area depending on a particular
  focus of crime.

Question 7

What is the dark figure of crime?

Answer 7

Term used to describe all unrecorded crime. Some crimes that may be in this are crimes like sexual and domestic abuse.

Question 8

What do functionalists think about police recorded crime?

Answer 8

As functionalists believe in measuring social behaviour scientifically, they would trust quantitative data and see it as reliable and representative.

Question 9

What do the New Right think about police recorded statistics?

Answer 9

They accept the typical picture of a criminal presented by police recorded statistics.

Question 10

What do Left Realist’s think of police recorded crime?

Answer 10

They recognise that police recorded figures are not perfect but should not be dismissed as they are about real crimes. They believe they should be supplemented by methods such as victim surveys.

Question 11

What do feminists say about police recorded crimes?

Answer 11

Some accept the official picture that women commit less crimes than men and try to explain why, whilst others challenge police statistics and challenge the idea of a ‘typical criminal’

Question 12

What do Marxists say about police recorded crime?

Answer 12

They see it as a tool to control the working class and justify control and oppression.

Question 13

What do interactionists say about police recorded crime?

Answer 13

They pay attention to police labelling and the consequences of interactions between certain powerless groups in society and the police.

Question 14

What do radical criminologists say about police recorded crime?

Answer 14

They focus on the power of the police to label for political reasons. They also challenge the over-representation of certain ethnic minority groups in police recorded figures.

Question 15

What are victim surveys?

Answer 15

Involves surveying people about what crimes they have been victim to. An example being the crime survey for England and Wales (CSEW)

Question 16

Victim surveys

What is the crime survey for England and Wales (CSEW)?

Answer 16

One of the largest social surveys conducted in Britain. Only those over 18 were originally included but since then 10-15 year olds have been included.

Question 17

victim surveys

What does the CSEW involve?

Answer 17

Respondents are interviewed in their own home using a structured questionnaire. They are asked about crimes such as burglary and personal crimes.

Question 18

victim surveys

What percentage higher are the crime figures from the CSEW than police recorded crime figures?

Answer 18

4 times higher

Question 19

What are limitations of the CSEW?

Answer 19

-The response rate is only 75% so
potentially important data is
missing.
- The CSEW only surveys a sample
so overall trends are an estimate,
lacks representativeness.

Question 20

victim surveys

What are self report studies?

Answer 20

Involves asking people which crimes they have committed.

Question 21

How are self report studies conducted?

Answer 21

They usually focus on young people and small crimes. Their findings often challenge the ‘typical criminal’ which is why they are favoured by interpretivist sociologists.

Question 22

What are some issues affecting self report studies?

Answer 22

VALIDITY- there are concerns about the truthfulness and accuracy of the data gathered.
West and Farrington found at the age of 18, 94 percent of boys admitted to being convicted whilst only 2 percent of unconvicted boys claimed to be convicted.
ATTRITION- drop-out rates in studies.
ETHICS.

Question 23

What is Global organised crime?

Answer 23

It can be used to refer to criminal activities over the border of different countries. An example being drug trafficking.

Question 24

Why is global organised crime difficult to respond to?

Answer 24

• The diversity of groups and the range of activities involved.
• Border issues and lack of common definitions.

Question 25

What does Castells say about global organised crime?

Answer 25

He sees global organised crime as resembling business networks. They minimise risk and maximise profit by basing their management and production in less regulated areas whilst targeting affluent areas.

Question 26

What is 'glocalisation' according to Robertson's?

Answer 26

This refers to the intertwining of the global and local. For example, though the drugs trade is a global enterprise, it is organised in individual countries based on law, political context and so on.

Question 27

What is green crime?

Answer 27

This is criminal activity that affects the environment in some way. E.g. dumping toxic waste or fly-tipping.

Question 28

What does Aas say bout green crime?

Answer 28

He says that, like organised crime, green crime demonstrates the intersection between the global and the local.

Question 29

What is primary green crime?

Answer 29

Those crimes which directly inflict harm on the environment. For example, air pollution and deforestation.

Question 30

What is secondary green crime?

Answer 30

Refers to actions committed in response to primary green crime. Such as dumping toxic waste.

Question 31

# Functionalist explanations of crime and deviance How do functionalists explain crime and deviance?

Answer 31

They say that crime is functional for society.

Question 32

# Functionalist explanations of crime and deviance What does Durkheim say about crime and deviance?

Answer 32

He says that crime is an integral part of society and felt that crime and deviance was inevitable.

Question 33

# Functionalist explanations of crime and deviance What is a 'society of saints'?

Answer 33

Where behaviour such as burping or sneezing becomes criminalised due to lack of deviance in society.

Question 34

# Functionalist explanations of crime and deviance What does Durkheim say about a state of 'anomie'

Answer 34

If too many people do not learn from values or have different values it will leave society in a state of chaos where there are no agreed rules. He calls this 'anomie'.

Question 35

# Functionalist explanations of crime and deviance What is social solidarity?

Answer 35

It refers to the sense of cohesion felt in society where all the members of a society feel part of a whole.

Question 36

# Functionalist explanations of crime and deviance What is a 'collective conscience' according to Durkheim?

Answer 36

Where a community share a set of values and right and wrongs. May be expressed by feelings of shock, horror, outrage after hearing about certain events.

Question 37

# Functionalist explanations of crime and deviance What is boundary maintenance and the promotion of social change?

Answer 37

Members of a society must learn boundaries of what is acceptable behaviour. Crime shows members of society what is right and wrong through public condemnation.

Question 38

# Functionalist explanations of crime and deviance What can lead to anomie?

Answer 38

- A sudden change in government. - A disaster which leads to destruction of order e.g. 9/11. - A major economic upheaval e.g. the wall street crash.

Question 39

# Functionalist explanations of crime and deviance What does it mean by deviance as a 'safety valve'?

Answer 39

The idea that deviance can act as a 'safety valve' and allows individuals to 'let off steam'. Davis study of prostitution is that it provides a 'safe' outlet of sexual tensions.

Question 40

# Functionalist explanations of crime and deviance How can Durkheim be evaluated?

Answer 40

He doesn't explain: -Why it happens - Why some people commit crime more than others - Why different people are deviant in different ways.

Question 41

# Functionalist explanations of crime and deviance What is strain theory by Merton?

Answer 41

Merton argues that there are clear, culturally defined goals in society and there are defined ways to achieve these goals. Crime and deviance occurs when goals are emphasised more than acceptable means and if alternative ways to achieve the goal become more accessible it may be preferred by numbers in society- this is when anomie occurs

Question 42

# Functionalist explanations of crime and deviance What are the five modes of adaption according to Merton?

Answer 42

1) Conformity- the most common response to society's goals, people work hard to earn money in legitimate ways. 2) Innovation- Usually middle class 'bend' the rules to make more money. 3) Ritualism- When it is unrealistic some people to strive for wealth so they scale down the goal. 4) Retreatism- Those who struggle to achieve success may end up dropping out of society altogether. 5) Rebellion- They reject society's goals and replace them with alternatives.

Question 43

# Subcultural theories explanation of crime How do Cloward and Ohlin explain crime and deviance?

Answer 43

They see deviance as a reaction to problems in achieving the values of mainstream society. The deviant is unable to achieve valued goals (success and money) through legitimate ways so they turn to illegitimate ways.

Question 44

# Subcultural theories explanation of crime How does Miller explain crime and deviance?

Answer 44

He argues that working class boys have their own 'focal concerns' which have the potential to lead them to deviant behaviour. The focal concerns of young working class boys include valuing freedom and excitement and being tough and macho.

Question 45

# Subcultural theories explanation of crime How can Miller and Cloward and Ohlin be evaluated?

Answer 45

They generalise the working class culture, where in reality working class styles are many and varied and are subject to regional, ethnic and gender variations.

Question 46

# Cultural Criminologist explanation of crime What is the cultural criminologist view on crime and deviance?

Answer 46

It brings a post-modern view to an understanding of delinquent cultures, seeing them as expressions of identity, resistance and power struggle.

Question 47

# Cultural Criminologist explanation of crime What does cultural criminologist Ferrell say about crime and deviance?

Answer 47

He says that cultural criminology stresses the 'energy of everyday life' and that crime is a result of anger, humiliation, exuberance, excitement and fear, rather than a rational decision- making process.

Question 48

# Cultural Criminologist explanation of crime What does cultural criminologist Katz say about crime and deviance?

Answer 48

He argues that sociological explanations which focus on social characteristics such as class and ethnicity alone fail to take into consideration the ways in which people are drawn to commit crime. He suggests that a physical fight may be nothing more than a show of toughness so crime has quite selfish implications.

Question 49

# Cultural Criminologist explanation of crime What does cultural criminologist Lyng say about crime and deviance?

Answer 49

He uses the concept of 'edgework' which refers to exploring the edges that exist along cultural boundaries and undertaking activities which push and test those boundaries.

Question 50

# Cultural Criminologist explanation of crime What does Young say about a 'bulimic society'?

Answer 50

He argues that we live in a 'bulimic society' meaning a culture in which citizens are encouraged to 'worship success, money, wealth and status' but are 'systematically excluded from its realisation'. He discusses the 'intensity of exclusion' felt by the underclass.

Question 51

# Cultural Criminologist explanation of crime What does Nightingale say about a 'paradox of inclusion'?

Answer 51

He describes how a 'paradox of inclusion' is felt by young black people, who turn to deviance to achieve the goals of mainstream society.

Question 52

# Interactionism explanations of crime and deviance What do interactionists say about crime?

Answer 52

They reject the idea that crime statistics are a real representation of criminal activity. They argue instead that they are the result of a series of assumptions and judgements made by the police.

Question 53

# Interactionism explanations of crime and deviance What does Becker say about a 'master status' and a 'self fulfilling prophecy'?

Answer 53

Becker argues that a deviant label contains an evaluation of the person to whom it is applied. It can become a 'master status'. This is where the deviant label becomes the identity for someone. Self- fulfilling prophecy is the concept when a person internalises their label after they are labelled repeatedly.

Question 54

# Interactionism explanations of crime and deviance What is a 'deviant career' according to Becker?

Answer 54

This may happen when an individual joins a deviant group. This group justifies and supports deviant activities so an individual sees them self as deviant and internalises the label. At this stage 'deviant identity' becomes the controlling one and affects the individual's lifestyle.

Question 55

# Interactionism explanations of crime and deviance What does Plummer say about about individuals who are labelled as homosexual?

Answer 55

This label may become a 'master status' and the individual may internalise the label and start to pursue a 'homosexual career', which may involve joining a homosexual subculture or becoming more camp.

Question 56

# Interactionism explanations of crime and deviance What is the impact of public shaming in Malinowski's study?

Answer 56

In the Trobriand Islands incest between cousins was seen as deviant. However, one young man had a relationship with his cousin and was publicly accused in front of the whole community. He later committed suicide .

Question 57

# Interactionism explanations of crime and deviance What does Becker conclude about Malinowski's study?

Answer 57

It is only when a public accusation was made that the behaviour became a serious issue.

Question 58

# Interactionism explanations of crime and deviance What does Lemert say about societal reactions to behaviour?

Answer 58

Like Becker, he agrees that societal reaction to behaviour is more significant than the behaviour itself. He uses the term 'primary deviance' to refer to deviant acts that are not publicly labelled. But when the deviant behaviour is repetitive and visible it begins to affect the individual's self concept. He said that secondary deviance comes as a result after public labelling of the deviant act such as; primary deviance, social penalties

Question 59

# Interactionism explanations of crime and deviance What does Matza say about youth and delinquency?

Answer 59

He said that youth's feel obligated to follow the law but also feel pressure to pursue 'subterranean values' which challemge accepted values. When a young person commits a deviant act they use 'techniques of neutralisation' which justifies the act.

Question 60

# Interactionism explanations of crime and deviance What are the 5 'techniques of neutralisation' that youths use to justify committing deviance?

Answer 60

1) Denial of responsibility 2) Denial of injury 3) Denial of the victim 4) Condemnation of the condemners 5)Appeal to higher loyalties.

Question 61

# Social Class and patterns and trends of offending What does Sutherland say?

Answer 61

Sutherland pointed out that ‘criminal statistics show unequivocally that crime, as popularly understood and officially measured, had a high incidence in the lower socio-economic class and a low incidence in the upper socio-economic group.

Question 62

# Social class and patterns and trends in victimisation? What did the British Crime survey in 2010-11 find out about burglary?

Answer 62

They found that young households, lone parents and the unemployed were all more than twice as likely to be the burgled as the average household and are more than twice as likely to be victims of violence as the average person.

Question 63

What did William find about factors which cause those in low social classes in prison?

Answer 63

• having ran away from home • truanting from school • drug/alcohol abuse within the family • having no qualifications

Question 64

What did the social exclusion unit report about social class and offending?

Answer 64

They found that many prisoners have a history of social exclusion and many prisoners have a history of growing up in care.

Question 65

What is the peak female age of offending compared to males?

Answer 65

Peak for females is 15 and peak for males is 18.

Question 66

What data from the ministry of justice shows the amount of arrests and convictions females account for in 2013?

Answer 66

They accounted for only 18% of arrests and 25% of convictions.

Question 67

What is the victimisation higher for? Men or women?

Answer 67

Men

Question 68

What types of crime are men victim to?

Answer 68

Violence where the perpetrator is a stranger or acquaintance.

Question 69

What times are women more likely to Be victim to?

Answer 69

Victim of partner abuse and 7 times as likely to have reported being a victim of sexual assault.

Question 70

What fraction of homicide victims were male?

Answer 70

7 out of 10

Question 71

On average how many women are killed by a partner per week?

Answer 71

2

Question 72

What does young say about gender and victimisation?

Answer 72

He points out that the same crime does not have the same meaning or seriousness in all cases and discusses ‘the meaning of a punch’ being very different in some situations compared to others.

Question 73

What did Hanner and Saunders find in there unstructured interviews about sexual assault?

Answer 73

In the streets of Leeds, they found that 20% of women had been sexually assaulted and had not reported it.

Question 74

What did Stanko find about gender and victimisation?

Answer 74

She found that over one 24 hour period, an incident of domestic violence was reported every second- yet few led to arrest.

Question 75

What did Walklate find out about gender and victimisation?

Answer 75

She considered why women who were victims of domestic abuse stayed in the relationship- she found that they had no where to go, children were involved and some women lacked financial independence.

Question 76

# Age and offending In 2009-10 what percentage of police recorded crime was 10-17 year olds accountable for?

Answer 76

23%- given that 10-17 year olds account for about 1in10 of the population above criminal responsibility.

Question 77

# age and offending What are the differences in gender for young people commiting crime?

Answer 77

young males ages 10-17 were found responsible for 20% of all police recorded crime and young women were found responsible for only 4% in 2009-10

Question 78

# age and offending What does McVie say about the relationship between age and offending?

Answer 78

He argued that the relationship between age and offending is not quite clear cut. She said data is often grouped into age bands which may mask more precise trends. For example, Home Office data often groups everyone over 21 which makes it impossible to identify trends in offending adults.

Question 79

# age and offending What does Soothill et al say about age and offending?

Answer 79

He found that the peak age of conviction for some crimes, such as burglary to be around 16 or less, whereas motoring and drug crimes beaked between 21-25. This show that differnt offences may have different 'peaks' in ages, but statistics fail to break these down.

Question 80

# Age and victimisation What does Young say about age and victimisation?

Answer 80

He said that when assault occured, old people would be more likely to have time off work and more likely to have an attack involving severe violence. So crime has a greater affect on their lives. Although crime rates against old people are lower than those against young people.

Question 81

# age and offending What evidence shows crime against children aged 10-15?

Answer 81

Based on CSEW interviews, 12% of children have been victims of crime. The majority of these crimes were violent crimes.

Question 82

# ethnicty and offending What times more likely are black people to be stopped and searched?

Answer 82

seven times more

Question 83

# ethnicity and offending How does the rate of population correlate the the rate of stop and searches with asian and black people?

Answer 83

Black peope account for 3.1% of the population but account for 14.2% of stop and searches. Asian people account for 6.4% of the population but account for 10.3% of stop and searches.

Question 84

# ethnicity and offending What do Bowling and Phillips say about crown prosecution?

Answer 84

They are more likely to drop cases involving black people, suggesting that the police charge black people more frequently based on inadequate evidence.

Question 85

# ethnicity and offending What was found about the rates of offending and eastern Europpean people?

Answer 85

Although their are newspaper headlines linking migrants to crime, offending rates among eastern Europpean countries is in line with the general population.

Question 86

# Ethnicity and victimisation What does the CSEW in 2012-13 show about ethnicty and victimisation?

Answer 86

Adults from mixed, black and asian ethnicities were more at risk of being a victim of personal crimes than adults from white ethnicity groups.

Question 87

# ethnicity and victimisation what shows evidence of racist crimes?

Answer 87

Home office shows that black people are five times more likely to be murdered by their white counterparts.

Question 88

# Interactionist explanation of crime and deviance What did Young find about the affects on the societal reaction to drug use among youths?

Answer 88

He discussed a group of youths who smoke weed as a solution to their porblems. Powerful groups saw this as a threat and action was taken due to mass media production. Due to this, the behaviour actually increased. This could be due to deviancy amplification. It could also be due to 'rebellion induced' as the youths are agry at the label. He also uses the term 'self fulfilling prophecy' to explain deviance.

Question 89

# Interactionist explanation of crime and deviance. What does Cicourel find in his study?

Answer 89

His research illustrates how the recorded crime statistics are a result opf interacyions and negotiations between young people and the CJS.

Question 90

# Interactionist explanation of crime and devince How can the Interactionist view be evalutaed?

Answer 90

- fails to explain the original deviant action. - some people fight to prove the label wrong - Interactionist ideas only apply to particular acts of deviance, such as youth crime. - Neo-marxists argue that deviance can be a result of rebellion, rather than a reaction to a label.

Question 91

# Marxist explanations of crime and deviance What is the overall Marxist explanation of crime and deviance?

Answer 91

Marxists do not agree that crime is functional for society and say that the powerful benefit.

Question 92

# Marxist explanations of crime and devience? What does Althusser say about crime and deviance?

Answer 92

He says that control of the proletariat is maitained through two institutions: the repressive state apparatus and the ideological state apparatus.

Question 93

# Marxist explanations of crime and devience? What are ideological state apparatus?

Answer 93

They control us more subtly by socialising us to accept capitalist ideology. Examples include, the family, media and education. The ISAs are used to show us those who are 'deviant' as a warning and to keep us scared, therfore justifying the RSA's.

Question 94

# Marxist explanations of crime and devience? what are repressive state apparatus?

Answer 94

The RSA's directly control the prolateriat. Examples include, the police and the army.

Question 95

# Marxist explanations of crime and devience? What does Box say about crime and deviance?

Answer 95

He says that crime is socially constructed and that murder can be seen as an 'avoidable killing'. The people who commit legally defined murder are usually poorer and less powerful than those who cimmit 'avoidable killings'. Examples of 'avoidable killing' include deaths resulting from employers negligence; health and safety risks.

Question 96

# Marxist explanations of crime and devience? What does Bonger say about crimeand deviance?

Answer 96

He says that much crime is caused by poverty, those living in poor conditions and in competition for scarce resources will be driven to criminality. He says that capitalism creates a climate for competition due to unequal distribution of resources.

Question 97

# Marxist explanations of crime and devience? What does Gordon say about crime and deviance?

Answer 97

He argues that the focus on public fear and government control is on 'urban' or 'violent' crimes with little attention to white collar crimes. He points out that criminality is normal in America as 91% of Americans admitted to commiting a crime.

Question 98

# Marxist explanations of crime and devience? What does Chambliss say about crime and deviance?

Question 99

# Marxist explanations of crime and devience? Evaluation of Marxist explanations of crime and deviance.

Answer 99

- Too extreme - Far fetched - laws protect the rights of the powerless, such as health and safety regulations.

Question 100

# Neo Marxism and radical criminologist explanation on crime and deviance What is there typical view

Answer 100

They believe that crime and deviance can be explained through labelling of the lower classes. So they combine Marxism and interactionism.

Question 101

# Neo Marxism and radical criminologist explanation on crime and deviance What did the CCCS find about youth subcultures?

Question 102

# Neo Marxism and radical criminologist explanation on crime and deviance What is the Saints and Roughnecks study by Chambliss?

Answer 102

working class boys vs middle class boys

Question 103

# Neo Marxism and radical criminologist explanation on crime and deviance What is the policing the crisis by Hall?

Answer 103

mugging was associated with race

Question 104

What is the left wing view on society and crime?

Answer 104

They focus on power and inequality in society and argue that equality should be the goal of society.

Question 105

# right wing views on society and crime What is Hirschi's control theory and what are the social bonds he came up with?

Answer 105

He asks the question of why people do not commit crime. The social bods are attachment, commitment, involvement and belief

Question 106

# right wing views on society and crime What does Murray argue.

Answer 106

- underclass - lack of discipline, respect etc - he blames welfare systems - single parent families.

Question 107

How can Murray's ideas be evaluated?

Answer 107

- Gallie found that the working class had strong work ethic. - Young 'sociology of vindictiveness' that punishes those at bottom of society.

Question 108

# realist criminology what do realists say about crime?

Answer 108

split into left and right realism - they use the 'typical criminal' as a base for their ideas. - they challenge ideas that theories romanticise the criminal. - they challenge tradititional theories for offering no practical solution.

Question 109

# right realism What does Wilson say?

Answer 109

He challenges mainly marxist criminology for being based on ideology rather than facts. He says long term trends in crime can be accounted by three factors: - young males are the most likely to commit crime due to anger and short term horizons. - changes to the benefits and costs of crime e.g availabilty of jobs. - social and cultural chanes e.g media and religion.

Question 110

# right realism What does Wilson and Kelling say?

Answer 110

They said if people were told to'stay indoors' more, crime would flourish and that it will cause urban decay- they said that once it hits this point there is no point trying to police an area.

Question 111

# right realism What do Wilson and Herrnstein say?

Answer 111

They say that there is a biological element to crime, they challenge left wing approaches that deny individualistic components to crime. They arue that criminal feelings may be suppressed with proper socialisation in the nuclear family.

Question 112

# left realism What does Young argue about explaining crime and deviance?

Answer 112

He argues that is important to navigate between the two extremes found in criminology. The hysteria of the underclass and the over-policing of certain areas.

Question 113

# left realism what does Matthews and Young say about the 'square of crime'?

Answer 113

The understanding of the roleof the victim and criminal must be understood by the role of public opinion through media, family peers etc. Then the fourth element is the role of the state through formal agencies like police. They intersect as public sentiment can drive government policy. criminal justice system-criminal offender general public-victim of crime

Question 114

# left realism explanations of crime What three concepts do lea and young explain crime by?

Answer 114

- relative deprivation, feelings of deprivation felt by people when they compare themselves to others. - Marginalisation, those described as being on the dge of society, they feel excluded from society. - subculture, group of people with set norms and values linked to marginalisation and relative deprivation.

Question 115

# Crimes of the powerful, white collar and corporate crime Whop first defined the term 'white collar crime'?

Answer 115

Sutherland

Question 116

# white collar cime? What are the three types lf white collar crime?

Answer 116

occupational- commited by employees. corporate- committed by business owners, usually to maximise profi. state- committed by governments e.g genicide or war.

Question 117

# white collar crime What does Box argue about white collar crime?

Answer 117

He says society defines crime, the way we view theft is a shop lifter but not an owner of a company who rises prices of products or banks charging people to use their own money.

Question 118

# white collar crime What did tombs find out about the number of deaths due to employer activity to homocides?

Answer 118

He found that emplyer activity caused over 1,000 crimes which outweighted the rate of homocides in England which was around 800.

Question 119

# white collar crime What did Goldstraw-white found out about people convicted of white collar crime?

Answer 119

He found themselves as not a criminal as they did not 'hurt' anyone.

Question 120

What are the two explanations to white collar crime?

Answer 120

peronality based approaches- successful people are likely to be ambitious, which mens they don't mind stepping on people's toes to reavh their own goals. differential association- criminal practices become the norm, thus people who cimmit white collar crimes do not see themselves as a criminal.

Question 121

# relationship between gender and crime Why does Pollak say that men committing more crimes than women is a myth?

Answer 121

He says that woen are more biologically deviant, they are able to cocel mentruation and fake orgasms. The environment of their crimes in proffessions such as nurses and teavhers means that they have undetectable domestic crimes. He says women are often the mastermid in crimes and dont get caught as much as men. He suggests the chivalry thesis means that women are treated more leniantly.

Question 122

# relationship between gender and crime What is the chivalry thesis?

Answer 122

The argument that the male-dominated justice ystem has a paternalistic attitude towards women, seeing them as child-like and vulnerable and no being responsible for their actions.

Question 123

# relationship between gender and crime What does Speed and Burrows say about the chivalry thesis?

Answer 123

He found that men were twice as likely to be charged with shoplifting thean female offenders.

Question 124

# relationship between gender and crime Why does Klein challange the chivalry thesis?

Answer 124

She argues that the concept is classist and racist. It only applies to 'ladies' who are middle class and white.

Question 125

# relationship between gender and crime What does Heidensohn say about the chivalry thesis?

Answer 125

She says that females who conform to feminine expectations like crying or showing emotion may be treated more leniantlythan males.

Question 125

# relationship between gender and crime What does Heidensohn say about the chivalry thesis?

Answer 125

She says that females who conform to feminine expectations like crying or showing emotion may be treated more leniantlythan males.

Question 126

# relationship between gender and crime What does Heidensohn say about the chivalry thesis?

Answer 126

She says that females who conform to feminine expectations like crying or showing emotion may be treated more leniantlythan males.

Question 127

# relationship between gender and crime What does Heidensohn say about the chivalry thesis?

Answer 127

She says that females who conform to feminine expectations like crying or showing emotion may be treated more leniantlythan males.

Question 128

# relationship between gender and crime What does Heidensohn say about the chivalry thesis?

Answer 128

She says that females who conform to feminine expectations like crying or showing emotion may be treated more leniantlythan males.

Question 129

# relationship between gender and crime What does Heidensohn say about the chivalry thesis?

Answer 129

She says that females who conform to feminine expectations like crying or showing emotion may be treated more leniantlythan males.

Question 130

# relationship between gender and crime What does Heidensohn say about the chivalry thesis?

Answer 130

She says that females who conform to feminine expectations like crying or showing emotion may be treated more leniantlythan males.

Question 131

# relationship between gender and crime What does Heidensohn say about the chivalry thesis?

Answer 131

She says that females who conform to feminine expectations like crying or showing emotion may be treated more leniantlythan males.

Question 132

# relationship between gender and crime What does Heidensohn say about the chivalry thesis?

Answer 132

She says that females who conform to feminine expectations like crying or showing emotion may be treated more leniantlythan males.

Question 133

# relationship between gender and crime Why does Chesney-lind say that females are punished more for their crimes than males are?

Answer 133

Female deviance is often sexualised due to a lack of morality or being 'easy' and 'out of control'. She also found that many more girls than boys were sent to training schools and were charged with 'immorality' based on their sexual behaviour.

Question 134

Why can Myra Hindley's crime be seen as going against society expecations of women?

Answer 134

'Evil women theory' can be placed on Myra Hindley as her crime involved children.

Question 135

What did Lombroso conclude about biological differences in male and females crimes?

Answer 135

He did a study and found that women offenders showed genetic anomalies, they showed masculine traits and a lack of maternal instinct.

Question 136

What does Thomas say about the differences in crimes between men and women?

Answer 136

He says that men are more activre and women are more passive. Women require more social approval ansd affection than men. He argues that accepting domesticity is the role that middle class women take. He says that women who lack socialisation refuse to take on a submissive role and use their sexuality for emotional gain.

Question 137

Why is Thomas criticised?

Answer 137

He shows ignorance towards economic hardships that women face who he describes.

Question 138

What is sex role theory?

Answer 138

The theory that boys and girls are socialised differently.

Question 139

What does Sutherland say about sex role theory?

Answer 139

He says boys are sociaised to be more ambitious, tough and aggressive and girls are domesticated and controlled which gives boys more of an oppurtunity to commit crime.

Question 140

What does Parsons say about sex role theory?

Answer 140

He sys that men have an instrumental role which is earning the money and going out to work. He says that woomen have an expressive role as they stay at home with the children. Girls are socialised to be more cariing and girls have a role model, their mother but boys don't as their father is at work most of the time. Boys may have 'status anxity' where they have difficulty identifying ith their father which can lead to exaggerated masculine behaviour.

Question 141

# relationships between gender and crime What do feminists say about the relationship between gender and crime?

Answer 141

They highlight the controls placed on women and girls in a patriarchal society which prevent them from committing crime, they see this as a form of patriarchy rather than a desirable reinforcement of 'natural' roles.

Question 142

# relationship between gender and crime What does feminist Smart say about the control of women?

Answer 142

She says that there is stricter socialisation of girls tan boys. When they are allowed to go out and who with. Stranger sex attacks are very rare but there is exaggerated fear about this. Girls become prisoners in their own homes due to this.

Question 143

Why is female crime role-distorting and male crime is role-expressive?

Answer 143

Women go against their expected role as a nurturer and carer and women habve much more to lose if they deviate. So female deviance is 'doubly deviant.

Question 144

# relationship between gender and deviance What are the recent changes in rates of female criminality?

Answer 144

With the rise of female liberation movements, females are out in the public sphere more with less restrictions on their behaviour.

Question 145

What does Jackson say about the changes in rates of female criminality?

Answer 145

There seems to be more acceptance for 'laddish' behaviour from girls.

Question 146

# relationship between gender and crime What does Adler say about the rise in female crime?

Answer 146

She says that 'liberation' is the main cause in the rise of female crime. She says that women moving into the public sphere from the domestic sphere leads them to have more oppurtunity to commit crime such as fraud.

Question 147

# relationship between gender and crime Why is Adler criticised?

Answer 147

Her statistical evidence was challenged as since female crime rates a re so low, even a small increase of female crime would lead to large percentage increases.

Question 148

# relationships between gender and crime What does Chesney-lind find about the changing rates in female criminality?

Answer 148

She found that females were srateong to branch into typical male offences such as drug offences. She found young women were introduced o drugs by male partners or family members.

Question 149

# relationship between gender and crime What do James and Thornton find about the change in rates in female criminality?

Answer 149

He found that female prisoners were likely to be uneducated and were mostly unaware of womens liberation which mainly benefitted middle class women.

Question 150

# relationship between gender and crime Why do males commit more crime?

Answer 150

The pressure on men to be the breadwinner may be a trigger for criminality.

Question 151

# relationship between gender and crime What does Messerschmidtt say about males and criminality?

Answer 151

He looks a the pressure on the males to accomplish hegemonic masculinity e.g individualism, aggression. Males experience the world collectively which emphasises the importance of peer groups and argues youth is a way of 'doing masculinity'. This can be done in diffeent ways, getting a successful job or beating their wife.

Question 152

# relationship between gender and crime What does Mosher say about 'hypermasculinity'?

Answer 152

He saysthat a poor, jobless person is likely to enhance his status by using seist language or carrying a gun. He says that young males are likely to reproduce the masculinity they are shown growing up.

Question 153

# relationship between gender and crime What is the 'crisis of masculinity'?

Answer 153

Through the decline in working class jobs, the working class were inclined to have more violent behaviour to accomplisjh masculinity.

Question 154

# relationship between ethnicity and crime What is suggested about the relationship between ethnicity and crime?

Answer 154

Police recorded figures suggest that African Carribbean males commit more crime than their white counterparts and that Asian crimes are increasing. Some sociologists accept that minority ethnic groups commit more crimes adue to reasons. Other sociologists highlight racism within the justice system for this.

Question 155

# relationship between ethnicity and crime What does Anderson say about labelling in the police towards black people?

Answer 155

He did a study of policing in a neighbourhood of Philidelphia and the policeassociated white people with middle class and being trust worthy and associated black people with being lower class and criminal. This is an example of 'colour-coding'. He said that this ignored issues such as age, classand gender issues and ignored individual behaviour. He said that the police would stop and harrass black people on the street. He said that black people wpuld learn to dress differently to avoid this or just accept the inevitability of this happening.

Question 156

# relationship between ethnciity and crime What was the Scarman report?

Answer 156

The official response to racial violence and rioting in the early 1980's. It recognised that the social and economic disadvantages faced by minority ethnic groups lead to protests. It also highlighted the issues relating the policing of certain areas, endorcing police training.

Question 157

# relationship between ethncity and crime What was the Mcpherson report?

Answer 157

This report concluded the official inquiry into the murder of Stephen Lawerence and the subsequent police investigation.

Question 158

# relationship between ethncity and crime What does Hall say about the Mcpherson and Scarman reports?

Answer 158

He says that until individuals are held more accountable for their actions, not much will change.

Question 159

# relationship between ethnicity and crime How is their racism in the police?

Answer 159

'police culture' applies to a set of norms and attitudes the police have. This affects the ways they carry out their duties.

Question 160

# relationship between ethincity and crime What is 'canteen culture' by Smith and Grey?

Answer 160

Attitudes and values that are shared and normalised when police are off-duty. Smith and Grey highlighted in their study that there was explicit and accepted racist language of the officers.

Question 161

What was Holdaway's research into police culture?

Answer 161

He discusses the 'racialisation' of policing and argues that police work and relationships can take on a racial 'framing. Events are seen in a way which prioritises race, even if race had nothing to do with it.

Question 162

# relationship between race and ethnicity What evidence shows that race effects the sentencing and courts?

Answer 162

- black men were 5% more likely to be imprisoned than white men - A higher percentage of those from minority ethnic groups were sentenced to immediate custody than white people. - Such evidence suggests that there is institutional racism.

Question 163

# relationship between ethnicity and crime What does Waddington say about stopping and searching?

Answer 163

He says that stopping and searching Asian and Black males is not disproportianate. He says that they are stopped and searched in line with the 'available population'.

Question 164

# relationship between ethncity and crime What does Glynn say about reoffending of black males?

Answer 164

He argues that the blief that the criminal justice processes are inherently racist creates a defiant reaction amongst some black males. Crime becomes a way of 'getting back' as society.

Question 165

# relationship between ethnicity and crime What does Pitts say about ethnicity and offending?

Answer 165

She said that ethncic young people have found themselves 'immobalised' at the bottom of society, which creates frustration and anger. Gang membership and violence then become normalised.

Question 166

What does Gunter say about ethnicity and offending?

Answer 166

He highlights the significance of 'road culture' and 'badness' on young black people's identities. Characterised by violent behaviour, criminal activity and drug dealing.

Question 167

What do Lea and Young say about ethnicity and crime?

Answer 167

They criticise the moral panics that surrounded 'black crime'. For example the media have focused on mugging and linked it to ethnicity in the past. This was due to a sun newspaper article.

Question 168

# relationship between ethnicity and crime What does palmer say about the relationship between ethncitiy and crime?

Answer 168

He says that ethnic mimorities commit crimes for a different reason than white people do. so race and racism must be taken in to account.

Question 169

# relationship between ethncity and crime what are the rates of asian people and crime

Answer 169

- they are disproportionately lower than those similar to white people. - Home office tends to classify 'Asians' in once catagory which icnlude those of Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi backgrounds who have different cultures. - young male Asian crimes have been increasing significantly in recent years.

Question 170

# relationships between ethncity and crime what does abbas say about the 'passive asian'?

Answer 170

He says this label has given way to a climate of islamaphobiafollowing 9/11 and more recent terroricist scares.

Question 171

# relationship between ethncity and crime What does Bowling, parmer and phillips say about asian people and crime?

Answer 171

They sai that previous conformisr perceptions of Asian people have been altered. Previously associated with strong valueds of family and community ande now thought to promote criminal and deviant behaviour.

Question 172

# left wing policies on crime reduction How do Left wing thinkers believe crime can be reduced?

Answer 172

They focus on issues such as inequality and exlusion so their approach is long term and focusses on structural changes to tackle the causes of crime. -reducing income inequalities by increasing benefits and minimum wage. -raising living standards by building more affordable housing. -reducing unemployment through apprenticesips. -improving education by educational schemes.

Question 173

What are left wing thinkers view on punishment?

Answer 173

- retribution which involves making the offender suffer or pay for their actions. - rehabilitation which involves reintergrating the offender back into society.

Question 174

# left wing policies on crime reduction What is 'reintegrative shaming'?

Answer 174

This helps the offender address issues and recognise what they ahve done to the victim. This approach favours community service and unpaid work.

Question 175

# left wing policies on crime reduction What is restorative justice?

Answer 175

Helps torecognise the impact on the victim and can be related to the square of crime. The offender and victim are encouraged to take an active part in this. These schemes tend to replace custodial sentences with a community based one.

Question 176

# left wing policies on crime reduction How do left wing thinkers view control on reducing crime?

Answer 176

policing- Lea and Young say that there are flaws in current policing as the public lack confidence in the police due to 'military policing'. They say that the over-policing of offences such as minor drug offences whereas domestic crimes and white collar crimes are 'under-policed'. multi-agency working- This is the propotion of co-operation between the agencies in society. Lea and Young argue that early itevention is important for people at risk of offending.

Question 177

# left wing policies of crime reduction How can left wing policies of crime reduction be evaluated?

Answer 177

- challenged as being unrealistic. - Murray points out that the USA tried this policy and it failed. - It relies on the co-operation of all agents which is not alwsys possible. - Gilroy challengeds it as being simplistic.

Question 178

# right wing policies on crime reduction How do right wing thinkers argue how crime can be prevented?

Answer 178

They focus on making crime harder to commit and making capture and punishment more likely.

Question 179

# right wing policies on crime reduction what is situational and environmental crime prevention?

Answer 179

situational- specific measures making particular crimes harder to commit. e.g 'target hardening' which is increasing security surrounding the 'tagets' of crime such as houses , cars and other property. This can be done through alarms and locks. Clarke uses examples such as: - theft from telephone boxes was reuced when the boxes were made from steel. - car theft reduced in Germany when steering wheel locks were used. environmental crime prevention includes the design of towns. surveillance is important. cctv for one in 11 people.

Question 180

# right wing policies on crime reduction What do right wing thinkers view about punishment?

Answer 180

They favour harsh punishment techniques. For exaple longer prison sentences particularly in the USA where they use 'three strikes and your out'even for minor crimes.

Question 181

# right wing policies on crime reduction How can right wing policies on crime reduction be evaluated?

Answer 181

- fail to address underlying causes of crime. - any crime reduction may just be a form of 'displacement'. - Harsh punishments such as the death penalty are challenged as places where that exists usually ahve higher crime rates.

Question 182

# right wing policies on crime reduction What is the welfare state and the family?

Answer 182

Murray focuses on the family and the benefit system. He says the over-generous welfare system encourages feckless behaiour he said that people who cannot afford to bring up children should be adopted and extreme ideas involve strilisation.

Question 183

# right wing policies on crime reduction what is policing, order maintenance and zero tolerance?

Answer 183

policing- wilson and Kelling said to increase foot patrols and priorortise the polices role in order maintenance. zero tolerance- aggressive attitudes to minor crimes such as vandalism. to be cleaned up immediately so that it is shown to be not tolerated.