Paper 3 flashcards
(148 cards)
1
Q
What was the cold war?
A
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union and the United States, from the end of World War II in 1945 until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
2
Q
What was the cold war characterised by?
A
Periods of heightened nuclear threats.
Proxy wars.
3
Q
What was the Monroe Doctrine and how did it set the stage for the cold war?
A
The Monroe Doctrine established the U.S. policy of opposing European colonialism in the Western Hemisphere, asserting that any such interference would be viewed as a threat to U.S. security.
4
Q
What was the atlantic charter and how did it set the stage for the cold war?
A
The Atlantic Charter was a pivotal statement issued during World War II by the U.S. and the UK, outlining mutual goals for post-war recovery, including economic cooperation and self-determination for nations.
5
Q
What was the Yalta conference and how did it set the stage for the cold war?
A
The Yalta Conference was a World War II meeting between Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin where they agreed on the post-war reorganization of Europe and the division of Germany, setting the stage for the Cold War.
6
Q
What was LATAM’s shift to communism and how did it set the stage for the cold war?
A
Economic and political challenges in Latin America, exacerbated by perceived U.S. neglect, led several countries to seek support from the Soviet Union, with notable examples including Cuba and Chile.
7
Q
What was the Potsdam conference and how did it set the stage for the cold war?
A
Held after Germany’s surrender, the Potsdam Conference involved Truman, Stalin, and Churchill discussing post-war Europe, where disagreements over reparations set the stage for the Cold War tensions.
8
Q
What was the dropping of the atomic bombs and how did it set the stage for the cold war?
A
The U.S. dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, which not marked the start of the nuclear age and a subsequent global arms race.
9
Q
What was the creation of the UN and how did it set the stage for the cold war?
A
The United Nations was established in 1945, significantly influencing U.S. containment policy by providing a platform to counter Soviet influence and promote global collective security.
10
Q
What was Keenen’s long telegram and how did it set the stage for the cold war?
A
Sent by U.S. diplomat George Kennan in 1946, the Long Telegram advised the U.S. to contain Soviet expansionist policies, which significantly shaped the Cold War’s containment strategy.
11
Q
What was the Truman doctrine and how did it set the stage for the cold war?
A
In response to threats in Greece and Turkey, the Truman Doctrine of 1947 committed the U.S. to support nations threatened by communism or authoritarianism, marking a formal start of U.S. Cold War strategy.
12
Q
What was the marshall plan and how did it set the stage for the cold war?
A
Initiated in 1948, the Marshall Plan provided extensive American economic assistance to rebuild Western European economies to prevent the spread of communism and strengthen democratic institutions.
13
Q
What was the creation of the CIA and how did it set the stage for the cold war?
A
The CIA was established in 1947 to conduct intelligence activities, including surveillance and actions against Soviet influence and communist governments in Latin America.
14
Q
What was the Rio Treaty and how did it set the stage for the cold war?
A
The CIA was established in 1947 to conduct intelligence activities, including surveillance and actions against Soviet influence and communist governments in Latin America.
15
Q
What was the coup in Czechoslovakia and how did it set the stage for the cold war?
A
The 1948 communist coup in Czechoslovakia, turning it into a Soviet satellite, escalated Cold War tensions by demonstrating Soviet expansion into Eastern Europe.
16
Q
What was the Berlin Blockade and how did it set the stage for the cold war?
A
The 1948-1949 Berlin Blockade by the Soviet Union led to the Berlin Airlift, where the U.S. and its allies successfully supplied West Berlin, thus thwarting Soviet efforts to take full control.
17
Q
What was the OAS/Bogota conference and how did it set the stage for the cold war?
A
The Organization of American States, founded in the bogota conference, enhanced regional cooperation among American states and was instrumental in U.S. efforts to prevent the spread of communism in Latin America.
18
Q
What was the point four programme and how did it set the stage for the cold war?
A
President Truman’s 1949 Point Four Program aimed to provide technical assistance to developing countries to prevent communism by fostering economic development.
19
Q
What is NATO and how did it set the stage for the cold war?
A
NATO is a military alliance that was crucial to U.S. Cold War strategy, aimed at deterring Soviet aggression and ensuring collective security in Europe.
20
Q
What was the Chinese revolution and how did it set the stage for the cold war?
A
The Chinese Revolution led to the establishment of a communist regime under Mao Zedong, heightening U.S. concerns about the spread of communism
21
Q
What was NSC-68 and how did it set the stage for the cold war?
A
NSC-68 was a key U.S. policy document that recommended a massive buildup of the U.S. military to counter the Soviet threat, influencing the strategic direction of the Cold War.
22
Q
What impact did Truman have on subsequent president’s policies.
A
His administration focused on containing communism and preventing its spread beyond the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.
Truman’s containment strategies were the basis of all subsequent presidents, as he was the first cold war president.
23
Q
What methods of containing communism did Truman use?
A
Military assistance.
Economic support.
Promoting stability over democracy.
24
Q
What was McCarthyism?
A
McCarthyism refers to a period of intense anti-communism in the US during the early 1950’s.
25
How did McCarthyism rise?
The rise of McCarthyism began with Senator Joseph McCarthy's speech at the Wheeling Conference, where he claimed to have a list of communists actively working within the U.S. State Department, sparking widespread paranoia and fear of communist infiltration in the US.
26
What was the red scare?
The Red Scare refers to the widespread fear of communism in the United States during the early and mid-20th century.
27
Name 3 ways that the red scare impacted religion.
The Red Scare encouraged going to church as part of resisting communism, mixing religion with American patriotism.
There was a rise in American church membership from 1940-1970.
Communism was advertised as a satanic force.
28
Name 3 ways that the red scare impacted education.
Schools during the Red Scare cut out any ideas or books that seemed too left-wing, essentially further ingraining anti-communist ideals into even younger generations.
Any policies/educational initiatives that were suspected of spreading communism were banned.
Books with perceived Un-American themes were burned.
Books by soviet authors were banned.
29
Name 3 ways that the red scare impacted civil rights.
Civil rights activists faced accusations of communism, stalling progress in the movement.
Conservative leaders exploited these accusations to resist civil rights advancements.
The movement was significantly hindered by the pervasive fear of communist influence among activists.
30
Name 3 ways that the red scare impacted culture in the US.
American culture was infused with anti-communist messages, fostering a nationalistic and fearful perspective.
Media such as comics and informational films were pivotal in disseminating anti-communist propaganda.
Non-anti-communist propaganda was perceived as a threat to American values and societal norms.
31
Name 3 ways that the red scare impacted cinema television and threatre.
Hollywood was pressured to produce anti-communist films and to dissociate from those seen as communist sympathizers.
Television content was curated to avoid communist themes and emphasize traditional American values, with suspected communists often losing their jobs.
The theatre industry faced intense scrutiny; plays critiquing the Red Scare were written but quickly banned, and many involved in the industry were blacklisted.
32
How did McCarthyism fall?
McCarthyism fell after Senator McCarthy was publicly discredited during the 1954 Army-McCarthy hearings, leading to his censure by the Senate.
33
What was the Korean war?
The Korean war was a proxy war fought from 1950 to 1953.
It began when North Korea invaded South Korea.
The United States and Soviet Union were poised on opposite sides of the conflict, with the US supporting the South and the USSR supporting the North.
34
What motivated North Korea to participate in the Korean War?
North Korea aimed to quickly unify Korea under communism, believing the US would not intervene.
35
What were South Korea's goals in the Korean War?
South Korea aimed to defend its territory from North Korea and unify Korea under a democratic government.
36
Why did the United States participate in the Korean War?
The US aimed to contain communism, support the United Nations, and prevent Soviet expansion in Asia.
37
What role did the Soviet Union play in the Korean War?
The Soviet Union supported North Korea with military equipment and strategic advice to expand communism and counter US influence.
38
Why did China enter the Korean War?
China entered the war to prevent a US-dominated Korea on its border and to support North Korea as a communist ally.
39
What was the political impact of the Korean War in the US?
Truman lost public support and the failure to win impacted Democratic credibility, exploited by Eisenhower with "Corruption, Communism, and Korea."
40
What military strategy was adopted by the US following the Korean War?
Post-war, the US implemented defense cuts but increased reliance on nuclear weapons as a deterrence strategy (brinkmanship).
41
How did the Korean War affect US alliances?
The US strengthened NATO by adding West Germany and established SEATO to counter communist influence in Southeast Asia.
42
What were some direct US military and diplomatic responses to the Korean War?
NSC 68 was implemented, tripling the defense budget, and a treaty with Japan allowed US bases there to maintain strategic presence.
43
How did the Korean War influence US policy towards Taiwan?
The US committed to defending Taiwan, providing military and economic aid, and recognized Taiwan as the official Chinese state.
44
How did the Korean War impact the civil rights movement in the US?
The war led to the first desegregated US military units, which gave a significant boost to the civil rights movement.
45
What were key components of Einsehower's containment strategy?
Covert actions.
New look policy.
46
What was the New Look policy?
This was done by emphasising nuclear weapons and air power.
It would therefore allow the United States to project its containment policy without the costs associated with large armies.
47
What was John Foster Dulles's role and strategy as Eisenhower's Secretary of State?
John Foster Dulles organized the New Look policy and advocated for "brinkmanship," using the threat of nuclear war to deter Soviet expansion.
48
What was Allen Dulles's role as Director of the CIA under Eisenhower?
Allen Dulles directed the CIA's covert operations, including coups and attempts to destabilize communist or pro-Soviet governments.
49
What role did the CIA play during Eisenhower's presidency?
The CIA engaged in espionage, propaganda, and covert actions to support pro-Western regimes and counter Soviet influence.
50
What was the outcome of Eisenhower's covert action in Guatemala?
The CIA, under Eisenhower, orchestrated a coup that removed President Árbenz and installed a pro-American dictatorship in Guatemala to protect U.S. economic interests.
51
What actions did Eisenhower take against Fidel Castro's regime in Cuba?
Eisenhower imposed economic sanctions on Cuba and initiated covert operations to overthrow Castro, leading to the Bay of Pigs invasion plans.
52
How many assassination attempts against Fidel Castro were linked to Eisenhower?
There were 38 assassination attempts against Castro under Eisenhower's presidency.
53
What was Operation Ajax and its impact under Eisenhower's administration?
Operation Ajax, directed by the CIA and MI6, overthrew Iran's Prime Minister Mosaddegh to secure oil interests and prevent Soviet influence, leading to long-term U.S.-Iran tensions.
54
Why did the US get involved in overthrowing Iran's Prime Minister Mosaddegh?
The U.S. aimed to prevent a power gap filled by Soviet influence and secure oil interests after Mosaddegh nationalized the Iranian oil industry, challenging British control.
55
How did Kennedy's presidency unfold?
Kennedy was a democrat who was assassinated in 1963.
Lydon B Johnson was Kennedy’s vice president, and assumed the presidency once Kennedy had been assassinated.
From 1963 until 1964, Johnson served the rest of Kennedy’s term, and won the 1964 election to serve until 1968.
56
What characterised Kennedy's/Johnson's presidency?
The alliance for progress.
His relations with Cuba.
The Vietnam War.
57
What context influenced Kennedy's policies when he became president in 1960?
Kennedy capitalized on criticisms of the Eisenhower administration for allegedly letting the U.S. fall behind in the space race and missile production.
58
What was the Alliance for Progress?
The Alliance for Progress was a ten-year plan aimed at improving economic and political stability in Latin America, partly in response to the Cuban Revolution.
59
What were the main goals of the Alliance for Progress?
The program aimed to provide economic aid and encourage political reform, similar to a Marshall Plan for Latin America, to prevent communism's spread.
60
How did funding allocations to Latin America change under Truman, Eisenhower, and Kennedy?
Truman allocated 3%, Eisenhower 9%, and Kennedy significantly increased it to 18% of the budget.
61
How was Kennedy received during his tour of Latin America?
Kennedy was extremely popular in Latin America, reflecting approval of his focus and policies towards the region.
62
What financial commitment did the U.S. make under the Alliance for Progress?
The U.S. committed $22.3 billion to aid and investment, conditional on Latin American countries implementing land reforms, progressive taxation, and programs for literacy and health.
63
What was a critical perspective on the Alliance for Progress?
Critics saw it as a continuation of dollar diplomacy, where aid supported U.S. corporate interests and reinforced non-communist repressive governments.
64
What was the Bay of Pigs, and how did Kennedy approach it?
The Bay of Pigs was a failed 1961 invasion of Cuba by Cuban exiles supported by the U.S., intended to overthrow Fidel Castro but ultimately enhancing his power.
65
What was Operation Mongoose?
Launched under Kennedy, it was a series of covert operations aimed at disrupting the Cuban economy, spreading anti-Castro propaganda, and attempting to assassinate Castro.
66
How did Castro's governance evolve in response to U.S. policies?
Castro moved away from potential democratic reforms, tightening control due to fears of U.S. interference, and sought Soviet support as relations with the U.S. deteriorated.
67
What led to the Soviet installation of missiles in Cuba?
In response to U.S. missile deployments in the UK, Italy, and Turkey, the USSR placed missiles in Cuba, escalating Cold War tensions.
68
How was the Cuban Missile Crisis resolved?
After intense negotiations, the USSR agreed to remove its missiles from Cuba in exchange for the U.S. secretly withdrawing missiles from Turkey and promising not to invade Cuba.
69
What were the long-term outcomes of the Cuban Missile Crisis?
It led to the establishment of the Washington-Moscow hotline, a partial test ban treaty, and a shift in missile technology from medium-range to intercontinental ballistic missiles.
70
What was the Gulf of Tonkin Incident and its impact on U.S. involvement in Vietnam?
In 1964, reported attacks on U.S. destroyers led to the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, granting President Johnson broad powers to escalate the Vietnam War.
71
What strategy did Johnson adopt in Vietnam?
Johnson escalated U.S. involvement through heavy bombing campaigns like Operation Rolling Thunder and large-scale search and destroy missions, aiming to wear down North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces.
72
What was Nixon's foreign policy characterised by?
Nixon’s presidency was characterised by his relations with Chile, China and his détente policy.
73
What was the US perspective on communism?
All communist countries function essentially in a lock-step, and will operate exactly the same as all other communist countries.
This poses a large threat to the US.
74
What was the actual mechanism of communism?
However, in reality, each communist country had their own priorities and leadership style, meaning that not all communist countries functioned in a lock-step.
US intelligence hinted at this, but they thought it would be a trap to let their guard down.
75
What is Detente? How was it applied to the Cold War?
Détante is the relaxation of strained relations, especially political ones, through verbal communication.
It occurred between the USSR and US after the weapon treaty had been signed.
As a result of Détante, the US viewed communist countries as regular countries.
76
What was the significance of China's nuclear test in 1964?
China tested its first atomic bomb in 1964, marking its entry into nuclear powers, which neither the US nor USSR could jointly address, reflecting their inability to cooperate.
77
What led to the Sino-Soviet border conflict in 1969?
Tensions escalated over border renegotiation demands by China, which the USSR refused, leading to military clashes between the two countries in 1969.
78
How did Nixon take advantage of the Sino-Soviet split?
Nixon sought to exploit the Sino-Soviet tensions to weaken Soviet support in Vietnam and improve U.S. standings by initiating secret diplomacy with China.
79
What was the role of ping-pong diplomacy in US-China relations?
Mao used a ping-pong tournament as a diplomatic opening, leading to improved US-China relations and Nixon sending Kissinger to Beijing secretly.
80
What stance did Nixon take at the UN General Assembly regarding China?
In the UN General Assembly, the US publicly disagreed but privately agreed to a motion recognizing the communist party as China's official government.
81
What was the significance of Nixon's visits to Beijing and Moscow?
Nixon's 1972 visit to Beijing normalized relations with China, sending a strategic message to the USSR; his subsequent visit to Moscow resulted in treaties limiting nuclear arms.
82
What was the U.S. role in the Chilean coup under Nixon?
Nixon's administration engaged in covert operations to destabilize Chile's economy, contributing to the 1973 military coup that installed Augusto Pinochet.
83
What was the duration of the Vietnam War and how many U.S. presidents were involved?
The Vietnam War lasted from 1954 to 1975, involving four U.S. presidents.
84
What was the key ideology behind U.S. intervention in Vietnam?
The domino theory.
85
What was Eisenhower's policy towards Vietnam?
Eisenhower supported the French in the First Indochina War, initiated the military advisor program in South Vietnam, and subscribed strongly to the domino theory.
86
What was the military advisor program in South Vietnam?
It was a designated group of United States military advisors sent to Vietnam to assist in the training of conventional armed forces and facilitate military aid.
87
How did Kennedy's policy in Vietnam differ from Eisenhower's?
Kennedy expanded the military advisor program significantly, from a few hundred to over 16,000, involving them in combat operations but hesitated to send ground troops.
88
What led to Johnson's escalation of U.S. involvement in Vietnam?
Following the Gulf of Tonkin Incident in 1964, Johnson received broad war-making powers from Congress, leading to a surge in U.S. troops and an attrition strategy against the North Vietnamese.
89
What was Nixon's Vietnamization policy?
Nixon aimed to transfer combat responsibilities to South Vietnamese forces, reducing U.S. troop numbers and seeking "peace with honor."
90
What covert operations did Nixon authorize during the Vietnam War?
Nixon authorized bombings in Cambodia and Laos to disrupt North Vietnamese supply routes, which were controversial and led to widespread protests.
91
What was the outcome of Nixon's negotiations in Vietnam?
The Paris Peace Accords of 1973, negotiated by Nixon, formally ended U.S. involvement in Vietnam.
92
What is the Monroe Doctrine and how did it contribute to U.S. imperialism?
The Monroe Doctrine (1823) declared U.S. opposition to European colonialism in the Americas, asserting any intervention as a hostile act, paving the way for regional hegemony.
93
What is Manifest Destiny and its role in U.S. imperialism?
Manifest Destiny was the 19th-century belief that it was the destiny and duty of the United States to expand its territory across North America, influencing imperialist expansion across the continent.
94
Why did economic diversification lead to U.S. imperialism?
The U.S. sought to diversify its economy through imperialist policies in territories like Guam, Hawaii, and the Philippines, aiming for direct access to Chinese markets and economic growth.
95
How did economic recession influence U.S. imperialist policies?
Facing economic recession, the U.S. adopted imperialist policies to decrease tariffs, increase quotas, and boost net exports as a growth strategy.
96
What ideological beliefs drove U.S. imperialism regarding "moral duty"?
The U.S. believed it was their moral duty to "civilize" and stabilize uncivilized territories, justifying imperialist expansion as a stabilizing force in the region.
97
What was SPAM?
The Spanish-American War (SPAM) was a war fought between Spanish colonial forces and the United States for the liberation of Cuba.
SPAM was fought for more than just control of Cuba, it was fought for control of all Spanish colonies in the Western Hemisphere.
98
What were the economic causes of the Spanish-American War?
The U.S. aimed to stimulate its recession-hit economy through government spending and gain access to Cuban sugar markets, protecting American investments in Cuba.
99
What were the political motivations for the U.S. entering the Spanish-American War?
The U.S. sought to demonstrate its power and expand its influence globally, influenced by the belief in its destiny to expand and the importance of a strong navy.
100
Why were security concerns a cause for the U.S. entering the Spanish-American War?
Cuba's proximity, just 90 miles from the U.S. mainland, posed a security risk if relations with Spain deteriorated.
101
What ideological factors motivated the U.S. to participate in the Spanish-American War?
Manifest Destiny and Alfred Thayer Mahan's theories on naval power spurred the U.S. to expand its territory and assert global dominance.
102
How did the Spanish-American War lead to the annexation of Hawaii?
Following the war's success, the U.S. Congress approved the annexation of Hawaii in 1898, providing a strategic naval base at Pearl Harbor.
103
What was the Platt Amendment and its impact?
Inserted into the Cuban Constitution in 1901, it limited Cuban sovereignty and allowed the U.S. to intervene in Cuban affairs and lease Guantanamo Bay.
104
What were the Insular Cases?
A series of Supreme Court decisions stating that full constitutional rights did not extend automatically to all territories acquired by the U.S.
105
What military reforms followed the Spanish-American War?
The war highlighted the need for a modernized military.
106
What was the Reciprocity Treaty with Cuba and its impact?
The 1903 treaty lowered tariffs on American and Cuban goods, integrating the Cuban economy with the U.S. and ensuring its economic dependence.
107
What territories did the U.S. acquire in the West Pacific as a result of SPAM?
The U.S. acquired Guam and the Philippines.
108
How did American ideology shift after the Spanish-American War?
The war's success and territorial acquisitions prompted a shift towards accepting imperial expansion as a means of national growth and global influence.
109
What are the principles of Big Stick Diplomacy?
"Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far" summarizes Big Stick Diplomacy, emphasizing military strength as a backdrop to negotiations to achieve U.S. international goals.
110
What was the Great White Fleet and its significance in Big Stick Diplomacy?
The Great White Fleet, consisting of 16 U.S. Navy battleships, toured globally from 1907-1909 to demonstrate U.S. naval power and served as a key example of Big Stick Diplomacy.
111
What is the Roosevelt Corollary and its impact?
The Roosevelt Corollary (1904) stated the U.S. would intervene in Western Hemisphere nations to enforce legitimate claims of international creditors, asserting U.S. hegemony and preventing European interventions.
112
How did Big Stick Diplomacy play a role in Panama?
Big Stick Diplomacy facilitated Panama's independence from Colombia in 1903 and the subsequent construction of the Panama Canal, showcasing U.S. readiness to use military might for strategic gains.
113
How did Theodore Roosevelt use Big Stick Diplomacy during the Russo-Japanese War?
Roosevelt mediated the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905), leveraging U.S. diplomatic and military influence to maintain balance in East Asia, aligning with Big Stick principles.
114
What are the principles of Dollar Diplomacy?
Dollar Diplomacy, led by President Taft, aimed to replace military intervention with economic influence by fostering American investments in foreign economies to achieve diplomatic goals.
115
How was Dollar Diplomacy applied in Nicaragua?
The U.S. supported revolutionary factions against President Zelaya in 1909 to protect American business interests, demonstrating Dollar Diplomacy through economic and political intervention.
116
How did Dollar Diplomacy affect Honduras?
Dollar Diplomacy in Honduras involved extending loans with significant control over fiscal policy, stabilizing the country in ways that favored American economic interests.
117
What are the principles of Moral Diplomacy?
Moral Diplomacy, introduced by President Wilson, aimed to support countries with democratic governments and promote U.S. relations with nations that mirrored its democratic values.
118
How did U.S. actions in Haiti contradict the principles of Moral Diplomacy?
The U.S. occupation of Haiti (1915-1934) was intended to stabilize and protect interests, but it undermined Haitian sovereignty, contradicting the self-determination aspect of Moral Diplomacy.
119
What issues arose from U.S. intervention in the Dominican Republic under Moral Diplomacy?
U.S. military occupation aimed at restoring order clashed with Moral Diplomacy's ideals of promoting democracy and self-determination, leading to criticism of U.S. control over Dominican affairs.
120
How did U.S. interventions in Nicaragua reflect the downsides of Moral Diplomacy?
Repeated U.S. interventions and control over Nicaraguan finances aimed to install stable, democratic governments but often prioritized strategic and economic interests over ethical principles.
121
How did Moral Diplomacy influence U.S. actions in Mexico?
Wilson's refusal to recognize Huerta's regime and subsequent military actions during the Mexican Revolution were intended to support democratic order but highlighted tensions between moral objectives and military force.
122
Why was the U.S. initially neutral in WWI?
The U.S. maintained neutrality early in WWI, influenced by the Monroe Doctrine's emphasis on avoiding European conflicts and a general public disinterest in overseas wars.
123
What factors led to the U.S. entering WWI?
Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare, the sinking of the USS Lusitania, and the Zimmerman Telegram, which proposed a German-Mexican alliance against the U.S., shifted American public opinion and led to war declarations.
124
What were the cultural impacts of WWI in the U.S.?
The government used propaganda and censorship extensively to bolster war support and suppress dissent, impacting freedom of speech and influencing arts and media.
125
What were the economic impacts of WWI on the U.S.?
WWI stimulated the U.S. economy through increased production and government spending, ending the 1910s recession, but led to labor unrest post-war as returning soldiers struggled to find employment.
126
How did WWI affect civil rights and women’s rights movements in the U.S.?
WWI highlighted racial injustices and increased labor demands, allowing women to enter traditionally male roles, thus accelerating both the Civil Rights and Women's Suffrage Movements, leading to the 19th Amendment.
127
What were the main controversies of the Treaty of Versailles?
The Treaty of Versailles was controversial for its harsh penalties on Germany and other Central Powers, including the "war guilt" clause, loss of territories, military reductions, and reparations.
128
What was the League of Nations and how did it form?
Formed as a result of the Treaty of Versailles, the League of Nations was the first global intergovernmental organization aimed at maintaining world peace, proposed by President Wilson and serving as a precursor to the United Nations.
129
What are the three principal perpestives on populism?
Anti-american perspective.
Economic perspective.
Political/power-oriented perspective.
130
What was Juan Perón's background and how did it contribute to his rise to power?
Peron was part of the 1943 coup that overthrew President Ramon Castillo.
His military and governmental roles laid the foundation for his political ascent.
131
What impact did Perón's tenure as Secretary of Labor and Social Welfare have on his popularity?
As Secretary, Perón introduced significant labor reforms, increasing wages and improving working conditions, which earned him the loyalty of labor unions and immense popularity among the working class.
132
What led to Perón's imprisonment and how did it affect his political career?
Perón's growing popularity threatened the military government, leading to his imprisonment in 1945. The mass protests by his supporters, known as "Descamisados," led to his release and propelled him to run for president.
133
How did Perón rise to the presidency of Argentina?
After his release from prison, Perón capitalized on his popularity and outlined a vision for Argentina that resonated with the masses, leading to his election as president in 1946.
134
What were the key economic policies under Perón's leadership?
Perón focused on economic nationalism, including nationalizing foreign assets, repaying external debts, and promoting the Import-Substitution Industrialization (ISI) model to foster economic independence and growth.
135
How did Perón's social policies impact Argentine society?
Perón and his wife Evita championed labor rights, improved wages, and launched social programs like housing and health projects, which significantly enhanced the living standards of urban workers and promoted women's rights.
136
How did Perón manage political opposition during his tenure?
Perón strategically isolated and weakened opposition by forging strong ties with labor unions and controlling the media, using censorship to silence critics and ensuring dominance in political discourse.
137
What led to Juan Perón's overthrow in 1955?
Economic challenges, such as severe inflation and a declining GDP, combined with social unrest and the loss of Evita's stabilizing influence, culminated in a military coup that ousted him from power.
138
What was the long-term impact of Perón's policies on Argentina?
Perón's policies led to initial economic and social improvements but ultimately contributed to economic instability, social polarization, and the weakening of democratic institutions, setting the stage for ongoing political volatility.
139
What were the components that led to Salvador Allende's rise to power in Chile?
Allende rose to power due to social demands for educational reform, economic instability under his predecessor Eduardo Frei, and political disillusionment with moderate policies that failed to address deep societal divides.
140
What social issues influenced Allende's election in Chile?
Broad social divides and discontent with the perceived elitism of Frei's policies, drove support towards Allende's leftist coalition, Unidad Popular (UP).
141
How did economic factors contribute to Salvador Allende's rise to power?
The previous government's failure to effectively nationalize key industries and manage economic relations with the US led to Allende's pledge to fully nationalize Chile’s copper mines and shift towards economic independence.
142
What were Salvador Allende's key political and economic policies?
Allende pursued democratic socialism, nationalizing copper mines and other key industries, implementing agrarian reform, and enhancing social welfare programs, including education and healthcare.
143
What social reforms did Allende implement?
Allende expanded access to education, healthcare, and implemented land reforms to redistribute land to peasants, aiming to improve productivity and rural livelihoods.
144
How did Allende handle political opposition?
Unlike authoritarian leaders, Allende sought to negotiate with opposition through democratic means and proposed the "Statute of Guarantees" to assure the protection of democratic institutions.
145
What led to Allende's failure and subsequent overthrow?
Economic crises, marked by inflation and shortages, combined with covert actions from the US culminated in a military coup led by General Augusto Pinochet on September 11, 1973, supported covertly by the United States.
146
What characterized General Augusto Pinochet’s rise to power and his economic policies?
Following a coup in 1973, Pinochet implemented drastic free-market reforms advised by the "Chicago Boys," reversing Allende's socialist policies and opening Chile's economy to foreign investment.
147
How did Pinochet handle political dissent and opposition?
Pinochet’s regime was marked by severe repression, including the suspension of democratic institutions, banning of political parties, and widespread human rights abuses such as torture and disappearances.
148
What were the social policies and human rights record under Pinochet?
Under Pinochet, human rights abuses were rampant, and social organizations were heavily restricted. Traditional gender roles were enforced, halting progress on women’s rights.
