Paper 3 key studies

Question 1

Rogers et al

Answer 1

Issues and debates: found the benefits in assuming free will, as an external LOC was more likely to lead to depressive symptoms

Question 2

Descartes

Answer 2

Issues and debates: A nativist who argues human characteristics are innate

Question 3

Locke

Answer 3

Issues and debates: An empricist who argued the mind is a blank slate built from experience

Question 4

McGuffin et al

Answer 4

Issues and debates: Nature Vs Nurture AO3, twin study on depression on twins MZ=46% DZ=20%

Question 5

Seiber and Stanley

Answer 5

Issues and debates: Talk about weighing up cost-benefit in socially sensitive research, considering the uses and implications

Question 6

Martin and Halverson

Answer 6

Gender: Worked on gender schema theory

Question 7

Bussey and Bandura

Answer 7

Gender: both a limitation of Kohlberg and a strength of GST, they found that children of 4 would display thoughts on “good” vs “bad” toys

Question 8

Strangor and Rubel

Answer 8

Gender: Argued that gender schema theory and Kohlberg’s just explain different processes, the organisation of information on gender and the motivation to learning it, respectively

Question 9

Freud

Answer 9

Gender: Oedipus and Electra complexes result in identification with the same sex parent
Forensics: Inheritance of a weak/ deviant/ harsh superego

Question 10

Horney

Answer 10

Gender: A critic of Freud, refers to womb envy as more prevalent than penis envy

Question 11

Smith and Lloyd

Answer 11

Gender: Swapped the clothes of young boys and girls and observed changes in how they were treated

Question 12

Zhou, and Kraijver

Answer 12

Gender: Both found evidence of the BSTc being smaller in trans women than usual

Question 13

Heylens

Answer 13

Gender: studied twins with GID, MZ= 39% DZ=0%

Question 14

Ovesey and Person

Answer 14

Gender: Symbolic fusion with the mother due to extreme separation anxiety was their explanation of GID

Question 15

Stoller

Answer 15

Gender: found men with GID had overly close attachments with their mothers

Question 16

Liben and Bigler

Answer 16

Gender: talked of a second pathway in gender schema, a more personal one where dominant interests shape gender identity

Question 17

Cheniaux

Answer 17

Schizophrenia: found inter-rater reliability between psychiatrists in diagnosis and poor validity as the ICD was more likely to diagnose a patient

Question 18

Cochrane

Answer 18

Schizophrenia: found thta black people were more likely to get diagnosed in the UK

Question 19

Rosenhan

Answer 19

Schizophrenia: being sane in insane places study highlights low validity

Question 20

Longenecker

Answer 20

Schizophrenia: showed men are more likely to be diagnosed, which Cotten et al explained was due to women’s higher interpersonal functioning

Question 21

Fromm-reichmann

Answer 21

Schizophrenia: the schizophrenogenic mother, cold and rejecting

Question 22

Bateson et al

Answer 22

Schizophrenia: double nidn theory, highlighted as a risk factor, characterised by levels of mixed messages and love withdrawl

Question 23

Frith et al

Answer 23

Schizophrenia: suggested dysfunctional thought processing as an explanation.
- Dysfunctional meta representation = inability to recognise our own actions and thoughts
- Dysfunctional central control = inability to suppress automatic thoughts and speech

Question 24

Read et al

Answer 24

Schizophrenia: act as support for family dysfunction explanation, they found over 50% of male and female schizophrenics suffered abuse in childhood

this is itself critiqued for relying on statements of people with schizophrenia which may lack validity

Question 25

Stirling et al

Answer 25

Schizophrenia: support for cognitive explanations as schizophrenics were found to perform poorly on cognitive tests such as the Stroop test but this as a cause of the condition is not explained

Question 26

Meehl

Answer 26

Schizophrenia: created the original diathesis-stress model

Question 27

Tienari

Answer 27

Schizophrenia: Is support for the interactionist approach, the adoption study showed conflict with the genetic risk triggered schizophrenia

Question 28

Tarrier

Answer 28

Schizophrenia: found support for combining treatments with an interactionist approach

Question 29

Pharoh et al

Answer 29

Schizophrenia: Indicated that strategies in therapy included forming alliances, helping with managing the change, reducing stress, improving beliefs, etc

Question 30

Canter

Answer 30

Forensics: Criticised the lack of evidence for a disorganised criminal in T-D approach, and supported the B-U approach for being scientific. worked with others to demonstrate the support for geographical profiling etc...

Question 31

Lombroso

Answer 31

Forensics: Atavistic form study, 40% of criminals matched

Question 32

Delisi

Answer 32

Forensics: pointed out the scientific racism in Lombroso's theory

Question 33

Goring

Answer 33

Forensics: Found no evidence of atavistic form in criminals

Question 34

Eysenck

Answer 34

Forensics: Had a personality-based theory of offending, Neurotic-Extraverts were the culprit- later psychotic was included. these people cannot be socialised easily due to their unpredictability and risk taking attitudes +et al studied and found evidence of high psychoticism in criminals

Question 35

Farrington et al

Answer 35

Forensics: critiqued Eysenck by finding a lack of consistency in extraversion and neuroticism in offenders

Question 36

Kohlberg

Answer 36

Gender: stages of development Forensics: stages of moral development as a cognitive theory pointed out childlike reasoning in the lower stages linking that to offenders and their focus on high reward

Question 37

Schonenberg and Justye

Answer 37

Forensics: cognitive distortion of hostile attribution bias was explained by them, through their study on neutral faces

Question 38

Barbaree

Answer 38

Forensics: found evidence of mimilaisation as a cognitive distortion in rapists

Question 39

Pollock and Harshmall

Answer 39

Forensics: found evidence of mimilaisation as a cognitive distortion in pedos

Question 40

Keen

Answer 40

Forensics: Anger management helped young offenders despite scepticism at first