Paper 3 - Question 1

Question 1

Examine why shallow ecology strategies have been employed more often than deep ecology strategies. (12)

Answer 1

• Deep ecology is viewed as more radical. This is because it rejects the view of anthropocentrism, meaning humans are not more important. Shallow ecologists are more pragmatic than deep ecologists.
• Deep ecology is less willing to take part in the political process. This means their voices are heard less. Shallow ecology is much more willing to be involved in the political process.
• Shallow ecology challenges the capitalist system less. Deep ecology requires radical change of the economy whereas shallow involves more regulation and intervention, but no fundamental removal of capitalism

Question 2

Examine the differences between federalism and functionalism as theories of EU integration (12)

Answer 2

• Federalism is much more ideological. It is a thought out plan linked to the ideology of liberalism and limited government. Functionalism is more pragmatic. There is no grand plan for integration
• Federalism requires Big EU structures and institutions to fit the grand plan whereas functionalism involves some EU structures and institutions, but only to allow functions to happen
• Federalism is much harder to achieve. It requires a common vision of many states whereas functionalism is easy to achieve. Those countries who wish the function to happen can opt in.

Question 3

Examine criticisms of the G7/8 (12)

Answer 3

• G7 is not representative. Critics argue the group no longer represents the world’s most powerful economies, especially in light of the rise of China. It has been therefore criticised for
• G8 was criticised for Russia’s membership
• Failure to deal with climate change.