Paper 3 Vocab

Question 1

Correspondence theory of truth

Answer 1

Claims that the truth or falsity of knowledge is determined by whether or not it accurately describes the world

Question 2

Coherence theory of truth

Answer 2

The truth or falsity of knowledge is not absolute, but rather consensual

Question 3

Reactivity

Answer 3

a phenomenon that occurs when individuals alter their performance or behavior due to the awareness that they are being observed. The change may be positive or negative, and depends on the situation.

Question 4

Ethical considerations

Answer 4

Informed consent
Anonymity
Debriefing

Question 5

Credibility in Paper 3

Answer 5

credible

trustworthiness

Question 6

Reflexivity

Answer 6

researcher takes into account their own bias

Question 7

Credibility

Answer 7

corresponds roughly to the concept of internal validity that is used in quantitative research –> being forthright about the research process

Question 8

Trustworthiness

Answer 8

findings of the research research reflect the meanings as they are described by the participants

Question 9

Researcher bias

Answer 9

Participants’ perceptions and beliefs in understanding social processes must be given priority over the researcher’s own

Question 10

Reflexivity

Answer 10

Researcher needs to reflect on his or her own background and beliefs and how these could play a role in the research process

Question 11

Participant variability

Answer 11

The extent to which the participants may share a common set of traits that can bias the outcome of the study

Question 12

Generalizability

Answer 12

The behaviors observed in the random sample are assumed to be representative of those in the larger population

Question 13

Application

Answer 13

How a study is applied

Question 14

Reliability

Answer 14

The results can be replicated

Question 15

Ecological validity

Answer 15

the study represents what happens in real life

Question 16

Ethnocentric

Answer 16

Based on the values and beliefs of one culture

Question 17

Cross cultural validity

Answer 17

Applies to multiple cultures

Question 18

Confounding variables

Answer 18

undesiravle variables that influence the relationship between independent and depenedent variables

Question 19

Demand characteristics

Answer 19

participants act differently because they know they are in an experiment

Question 20

Hawthorne effect

Answer 20

Participants try to guess the aims of the study and act accordingly

Question 21

Inductive approach

Answer 21

Researcher does not define variables in advance because they are more likely to express the researcher’s ideas than the participants

Question 22

Subjectivity

Answer 22

Because qualitative research is intrepereted by researchers it is subject to their intrepretations

Question 23

Interviewer effects

Answer 23

Responses to the sex, age, or ethnicity of the interviewer

Question 24

Social desirability bias

Answer 24

People want to present a positive picture of themselves so they may not tell the truth when asked personal questions

Question 25

Participant bias

Answer 25

People often adjust their responses to what they think is appropriate for the interviewer

Question 26

Researcher bias

Answer 26

Observation should not be affected by what the researcher expects to find

Question 27

Inter-observer reliability

Answer 27

Several obersvers can observe the same behavior and then compare the results of their observations

Question 28

Overt observations

Answer 28

participants know the observer is a researcher

Question 29

Covert observation

Answer 29

Participants do not know that they are being observed

Question 30

Participant observation

Answer 30

Observer takes part in the situation being studied while doing the research

Question 31

Non-participant observation

Answer 31

Where the observer is not part of the situation being studied

Question 32

Overt observation

Answer 32

Participants know they are being observed

Question 33

Covert observation

Answer 33

Participants are not aware of being studied

Question 34

Memos

Answer 34

Writes a summary of the analysis so that independent readers can follow how and why the connections are reached

Question 35

Intrinsic

Answer 35

Case studies represent nothing but themselves

Question 36

Instrumental

Answer 36

Case studies represent more general phenomena of interest

Question 37

Descriptive

Answer 37

Detailed description of a phenomenon

Question 38

Explanatory

Answer 38

Aim is to describe and find possible explanations for the phenomenon under investigation --> theoretical analysis based on existing theory based on the data

Question 39

Rich data

Answer 39

Data open to a number of intrepretations