Paper 4 Flashcards
(36 cards)
“Health care for all from non-profit insurance system financed jointly by employers and employees by payroll deduction”. Those mentioned above are the characteristics of which health care model?
a) Bismarck
b) Beveridge
c) Out of Pocket
d) Affordable Care Act
e) None of them
A
The goal of secondary prevention is
a) To protect healthy people from developing a disease or experience an injury in the first place
b) To avert the onset of new cases of diseases
c) To halt/slow the progress of disease in its earliest stages
d) To reduce the incidence rate
e) To help people manage complicated long-term health problems
C
Confounding is when another factor than exposure influences the outcome and confuses the results. Which statement(s) is/are true about confounding?
a) A confounder is associated to the exposure
b) A confounder is associated to the outcome
c) A confounder is an intermediate link between exposure and outcome
d) Confounding can be handled by increasing the study sample
e) Confounding can be unknown
ABE
For which reason a bonus has been introduced in a health care delivery system?
a) To increase equity
b) To increase solidarity
c) To encourage responsibility
d) To reward appropriateness
e) None of them
C
Which are the actions of the basic cycle for continuous quality improvement?
a) Plan
b) Do
c) Check
d) Act
e) Study
ABCD
The methodology of primary prevention includes
a) Physical rehabilitation
b) Selective screening
c) Environmental interventions
d) Eugenics
e) Immunization
CDE
The per capita health expenditure in Italy
a) Amounts roughly to 1000 euros
b) Is roughly over 5000 euros
c) Is over than the OECD mean
d) Is less than the OECD mean
e) None of them
D
Which of the following are kind of error in the risk management theory?
a) Error of commission
b) Error of omission
c) Error of execution
d) Little mistaken
e) Very little mistaken
ABC
Which of the following are International Patient Safety goals?
a) Identify patients correctly
b) Improve effective communication
c) Improve the safety of high-alert medications
d) Reduce the risk of health care-associated infections
e) Reduce the risk of patient harm resulting from falls
ABCDE
____________ is defined as any effort, whether in personal health care, public health services, or through intersectoral initiatives, whose primary purpose is to improve health. Choose the missing among the following:
a) Health action
b) Health care
c) Health improvement
d) Health system
e) None of them
A
The concept of macromonotoxicity can be applied to a) Infectious diseases
b) Environmental diseases
c) Foodborne diseases
d) Chronic diseases
e) Sexually transmitted diseases
AC
An animal when an infectious agent lives an multiplies is defined as
a) Reservoir of infection
b) Source of infection
c) Pathogen
d) Host susceptible
e) Vehicle
A
In a cohort study of negative stress among middle school students and the risk of high blood pressure, all students in grade 7 from 5 different schools underwent a physical examination. The level of stress (exposure) was evaluated with a questionnaire. The blood pressure (outcome) was measured by a trained nurse one year later. However, in one of the schools, the blood pressure cuff was not calibrated and it always measured the blood pressure as 10 mmHg too high. What kind(s) of systematic error was/were introduced in the study?
a) Confounding
b) Selection bias
c) Information bias
d) Healthy worker effect
e) Differential loss to follow up
C
Surgical instruments that enter in contact with sterile tissue
a) Are associated with high risk of infection if contaminated with any microorganism
b) Need a high level disinfection
c) Need a low level disinfection
d) Need to be sterilized by steam sterilization or by ethylene oxide (ETO) or hydrogen peroxide
gas plasma or with liquid chemical sterilants
e) Must be disposable
AD
A researcher collects 300 adults with myocardial infarction in a registry. He then uses 600 orthopedic patients of the same age and sex as comparison group. All these persons are questioned about their sports habits in childhood.
What study design is this?
a) Cross-sectional study
b) Randomized control study
c) Intervention study
d) Case-control study
e) Cohort study
D
Which of the following(s) is/are a measure of relative risk?
a) Odds ratio
b) Incidence rate ratio
c) Cumulative incidence
d) Absolute risk
e) Risk ratio
ABE
A fungal meningitis outbreak occurred in 2012 in the USA
a) ≤ 100 cases occurred
b) An endogenous source was suspected
c) Pathogen was transmitted via contaminated medications
d) No death occurred
e) Pathogen was transmitted via healthcare worker hands
C
The variable of the model of the Reasoned Action (Fishbein and Ajzen) implied when a young adolescent discover that smoking is disgusting is
a) Attitude
b) Social norm
c) Self-efficacy
d) Prohibition
e) Cognitive perception
A
Which of the following sentences best defines public health surveillance?
a) Public health surveillance is the ongoing systematic collection and analysis of health data
b) Public health surveillance is the ongoing systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and
dissemination of health data to stimulate public health actions
c) Public health surveillance is the close observation of persons who had been exposed to a
communicable disease in order to detect early symptoms and to set prompt isolation and
control measures
d) Public health surveillance is the systematic ongoing collection and dissemination of information
to those who need to know so that the action can be taken
e) Public health surveillance allows to learn the ongoing pattern of disease occurrence and the
potential for disease in population
B
Which are the main objectives of the global influenza surveillance network?
a) To eradicate disease
b) To provide information to public health authorities for planning appropriate control and
intervention measures and health resource allocation
c) To provide timely global alert for emerging virus with pandemic potential
d) To assess only the epidemiological trend of influenza
e) To identify circulating types/subtypes and provide candidate viruses for vaccine production
BCE
Referring to the proportion of cancer cases attributable to infection, which of the following sentences are correct?
a) The Population Attributable Fraction (PaF) is the proportion of new cancer cases in a specific
population that would be prevented by a hypothetical intervention on a specific infective
exposure
b) HBV, HCV, HPV, and H. pylori are together responsible for about 2 million cancer cases
worldwide
c) The number of new cancer cases attributable to infection is higher in less developed countries
than in more developed countries
d) The total number of cancer cases attributable to infection is higher in women than in men
e) PAF = 70% for cervical cancer
ABC
Which of the following factors are risk factor for getting HPV infection?
a) Having first sexual relations at an early age
b) Having an immunosuppressive status
c) Having sex with many partners
d) Having sex with one partner who has had many partners
e) Having other STDs
ACD
What is profit?
a) Part of he balance sheet
b) An expenditure
c) A loan
d) A cash inflow
e) The difference between revenues and costs
E
What are vision, mission, and values statements?
a) A marketing strategy
b) Public objectives set by founders
c) Legal mandatory documents
d) A summary of the financial activity
e) None of the others
B
