Paper 6 Flashcards
Glycosides
- term “Glucoside” applied only to glycosides with sugar component is glucose
- names of all glycosides end in “IN “
It is a non reducing compound which on hydrolysis yields 2 components
1) an Aglycone or GENIN
2) one or more reducing sugars
Ex: Agaricin, colo-cyn-thin, digitalin, Aloin, arbutin
The physical or chemical nature of glycoside depends on
1) chemical structure ie, Aglycone is derivative of steroids, anthracenes
2) kind of linkage b/w Aglycone, glycone ie, COC, CNC, CSC, CCC bonds
3) Number & kind of sugar residues
No.of sugar residues ~ solubility
# soluble in H2O, alcohol but insoluble in organic solvents
Examples of Glycosides
Name ~ source
1) adoni-din ~ adonis vern-alis
2) agaricin ~ agaricus mascar-ius
3) aloin ~ aloe socotrine
4) arbutin ~ uva ursi
5) colo-cyn-thin ~ colocynthiS
6) digitalin ~ digitalis
Types or classification of alcohol
Depending on no.of OH grps present
1) monohydric
Formula = Cn H2n+1OH
Types of monohydric alcohol
a) primary (R CH2 OH )
Ex : methyl alcohol R=H,
ethyl alcohol R=CH3
b) secondary R1R2 CH OH
Ex: isoprooyl alcohol (R1,R2=CH3)
Secondary butyl alcohol
c) tertiary alcohol R1R2R3 C OH
Ex : 3° butyl alcohol R = CH3
Types of alcohol
Depending upon no.of OH grps +nt
2) di-hydric alcohol
3) tri-hydric alcohol
2) Glycols - 2 OH grps of on diff C
Formula : Cn H2n (OH) 2
Ex: ethylene glycol CH2OH-CH2OH
propylene glycol CH3-CHOH-CH2OH
3) trihydric alcohol
Ex: Glycerol CH2OH-CHOH-CH2OH
Vehicle definition
Means transmission or conveyance
Vehicles are those substances which are almost chemically neutral, therapeutically inert, having no medicinal properties of their own but “they are intended to carry dynamic powers of drug “ Safely to interior of human to fight disease force
Properties of vehicles 9
1) chemically neutral -❌ acidic alkaline
2) therapeutically inert
3) no medicinal property on their own
4) capable to carry dynamic powers
5) harmless in action on humans
6) has power of preservation not undergo any change or decomposition
7) “sterilising property”
8) edible &palatable (pleasant to taste)
9) medium for purification , internal administration by oral or olfaction route ,preparation,preservation
External application
Uses of vehicles 8
1) for preparation of MT, mother solution, mother substance from crude drug materials
2) used for trituration, potentisation
3) used as base for ext.application
4) preservation of medicine
5) for dispensing of medicines to patients as per physician prescription
6) as diet for baby ie, sugar of milk
7) used as placebo or phytum
Different methods of drug standardisation 5
1) organo-leptic evaluation
2) microscopic evaluation
3) physical evaluation
4) chemical evaluation
5) biological evaluation
Biological evaluation
Pharmacological activity of drugs has been evaluated to standardize them
- assay on living organisms and their organs indicate strength of drugs or their preparation
- as living organisms are used these are known as BIO-ASSAYs
- using bio-assays we can standardise following drugs EX: nosodes, sarcodes, cannabis sativa, cannabis indica
British homoeopathic pharmacopeia- 1870
Write about Editions ,they are published by
-1st edition published by BH society in 1870
- 2nd & 3rd in 1876,1882 by E. Gould & son of london
-new editions are published by British Association of Homoeopathic Manufacturers (BAHM)
British HP book contains?
# BHP has no official status, not been adapted a national standard
First section - infor of manufacture of homeo drugs, abbreviations, analytical methods, reagents, general regulations for manufacture of homeo medicines
Also contains index of preparation methods, sources
Second part - contains Monographs
BHP is designed to be used in conjunction or cross reference with GHP. Is this statement true or false?
Yes statement is true
Book is in clear loose leaf🍃🍀format
reflect many “current practices” developed by British manufactures adopting German methods
So it should be used along with GHP 😊
Branches of pharmacy
1) pharmacy proper
a) official pharmacy : consists of preparation of drugs a/c processes of official pharmacopeias
b) extempo-raneous pharmacy : preparation & distribution of medicine a/c to prescription of physician
#medicines were prepared by this pharmacy till 1825
Branches of pharmacy
2) Galenical pharmacy
- galen Greek pharmacist who described various methods of extracting crude drugs for 1st tym # Branch dealing with extraction of plant, animal drugs know Galenical pharmacy & products are galenicals
