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Papers & Boards Flashcards

(125 cards)

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1
Q

What are papers and boards made from?

A

Papers and boards are made from cellulose fibres found in wood and some plants (grasses). They can also be made from recycled paper and board.

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2
Q

What is the first step in making paper and board from cellulose fibres?

A

Trees or grasses are cut down and transported to a paper mill.

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3
Q

What must be done to trees before they can be processed for paper-making?

A

Bark cannot be used in the paper-making process, so trees must be debarked.

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4
Q

How are wood chips processed into cellulose fibres?

A

The wood is cut into fine chippings and then mechanically or chemically pulped into individual cellulose fibres.

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5
Q

What does chemical pulping involve?

A

Chemical pulping involves cooking the wood chips under pressure in a chemical solution to remove lignin, which binds the cellulose fibres together.

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6
Q

What is added to pulp during the processing?

A

The pulp is sent through filters, where bleach, additives, and colourings are added to give the pulp its required finish.

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7
Q

What is the purpose of sizing in paper-making?

A

Sizing is a process that adds a protective filler to the pulp so that ink dries on the surface, resulting in a brighter, clearer finish.

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8
Q

What happens to the pulp after it is processed?

A

The pulp is pressed between rollers to squeeze out excess water and to flatten it into long rolls of paper to be cut to size.

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9
Q

What are the environmental benefits of recycling paper and board?

A

Recycling paper and board reduces the need to cut down trees and is much more energy efficient than producing paper from virgin pulp.

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10
Q

Is recycled paper and board more environmentally friendly than non-recycled paper?

A

Yes, recycled paper and board is more environmentally friendly and sustainable than non-recycled paper.

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11
Q

Is there a limit to how many times paper and board can be recycled?

A

Yes, there is a limit to how many times paper and board can be recycled.

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12
Q

What are the properties of different types of paper and board?

A

The physical and mechanical properties make them suited for various commercial uses.

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13
Q

What are flyers and leaflets used for?

A

They are used in advertising.

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14
Q

What determines the type of paper used for flyers and leaflets?

A

It often depends on the product, event, or business being advertised.

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15
Q

What should food packaging be like?

A

It should be non-toxic, lightweight, and easily disposable.

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16
Q

What type of paper is perfect for low-cost flyers and leaflets?

A

Bleed-proof, gloss paper is ideal for clear, sharp, and colorful images.

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17
Q

What type of paper do businesses use for luxury items?

A

They may use more expensive, heavier, and thicker paper.

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18
Q

Are most flyers biodegradable?

A

Yes, most flyers are biodegradable.

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19
Q

What must untreated cardboard be coated with for food packaging?

A

It must be treated or coated with another material, such as plastic.

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20
Q

What is corrugated card ideal for?

A

It is sturdy and good at retaining heat, making it ideal for takeaway pizza boxes.

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21
Q

How can the properties of paper and boards be enhanced?

A

By using additives.

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22
Q

What is the purpose of sizing in paper manufacture?

A

It provides a protective filler or coating, reducing absorbency.

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23
Q

What is parchment paper made from?

A

It is made by running sheets of paper pulp through sulfuric acid, giving it a non-stick surface.

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24
Q

What do wet-strength additives do in tissue paper?

A

They help it retain strength when wet.

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25
What is kraft paper known for?
It is strong and has a high resistance to tearing due to the chemicals and processes used during pulping.
26
What must designers consider when designing a product?
Designers must consider the stock forms and sizes available.
27
Why are stock forms and sizes beneficial?
They are produced in bulk and help to save on material costs.
28
What are the three stock forms of paper and boards?
Sheet, Roll, Ply (Layered)
29
What is a common use for sheets?
Art supplies.
30
What is a common use for rolls?
Newspaper printing.
31
What is a common use for ply?
Kitchen roll.
32
What is the A-series?
It is part of the international paper size standard ISO 216.
33
What are the dimensions of AO size?
841 × 1189 mm.
34
What happens to the dimensions of sheets as you move down a size?
The dimensions halve.
35
What are the dimensions of A1 size?
594 × 841 mm.
36
What are the dimensions of A2 size?
420 × 594 mm.
37
What are the dimensions of A3 size?
297 × 420 mm.
38
What are the dimensions of A4 size?
297 × 210 mm.
39
What are the dimensions of A5 size?
148 × 210 mm.
40
What are the dimensions of A7 size?
74 × 105 mm.
41
What are the dimensions of A8 size?
52 × 74 mm.
42
What is paper weight measured in?
Grams per square metre (gsm).
43
What is considered paper in terms of gsm?
Anything up to and including 200 gsm.
44
What is considered board in terms of gsm?
Anything above 200 gsm.
45
What are paperclips used for?
Metal fasteners used to loosely hold together a small number of sheets of paper.
46
What are binder clips?
Spring clips used to temporarily hold together a number of sheets of paper.
47
What are split pins?
Pins with flexible ends used as joints to hold paper together.
48
What are treasury tags?
Small pieces of metal that are punched through paper to hold them together semi-permanently.
49
What are staples?
Simple fasteners that are placed through punched holes to hold paper together loosely.
50
What are bindings used for?
Bindings are used to hold together a larger quantity of paper.
51
What is slide binding?
A simple piece of plastic is slid onto the side of the sheets of paper.
52
What is comb binding?
A 'comb' is punched through the paper using a binding machine.
53
What is coil (spiral) binding?
A coil is inserted through punched holes in the paper.
54
What is perfect binding?
Pages are folded in sections and glued to the spine of the book. The book will not open flat.
55
What is saddle stitch?
Pages are stapled together at the centre of the book.
56
What is section-sewn binding?
Pages are folded in sections and sewn to the spine of the book. The book can open flat.
57
What are gummed envelopes?
Seals are used to bond pieces of paper and card.
58
What are peel-and-seal envelopes?
Envelopes with a strip that must be peeled off to expose the adhesive.
59
What are wax seals?
An old method of sealing where hot wax is applied and dried to seal the paper.
60
What types of adhesives are used to bond paper?
Adhesives include glue sticks, spray adhesives, and liquid glues.
61
What types of tapes are used to bond paper?
Tapes include double-sided tape and duct tape.
62
What can papers and boards be shaped into?
Papers and boards can be cut, creased, scored, folded, and perforated to achieve a desired shape or form.
63
What are common tools for cutting and perforating paper and card?
Common tools include scissors, scalpels, perforating tools, and laser cutters.
64
What is the most commonly used everyday cutting tool?
Scissors are the most commonly used everyday cutting tool.
65
What are scalpels used for?
Scalpels have small, sharp, and thin blades ideal for cutting intricate details.
66
What do perforating tools do?
Perforating tools punch small holes through paper to allow it to be easily torn.
67
How do laser cutters work?
Laser cutters use lasers to cut intricate patterns into paper and card, providing extremely accurate and fine cuts.
68
What are craft knives used for?
Craft knives are used with safety rulers to cut and score material, particularly good for making straight cuts.
69
What is the function of rotary cutters?
Rotary cutters use a circular blade that rotates to cut paper and card, making them good for curved cuts.
70
What are guillotines used for?
Guillotines, or paper trimmers, are used to cut sheets of paper with a straight edge, often for large sheets.
71
What do compass cutters do?
Compass cutters can be used to cut perfect arcs and circles in paper and card.
72
What is origami?
Origami is a Japanese craft of folding paper into intricate shapes, such as animals.
73
What is die cutting used for?
Die cutters are used to cut out shapes and notches, such as in postage boxes.
74
What is a creasing rule?
Creasing rules are used in the process of creasing materials for folding.
75
What is scoring?
Scoring involves partially cutting into a material without going all the way through, usually to aid folding.
76
When is scoring typically performed?
Scoring is often performed before folding thick paper or board that would otherwise be difficult to fold.
77
How can scoring be done?
Scoring can be done by hand using a craft knife and a metal ruler.
78
What is important to remember when scoring?
It is important to press lightly when running the knife along the score line, so that the blade does not cut all the way through.
79
What is the result of scoring?
Scoring results in straighter, more accurate folds.
80
How can paper and board be folded?
Paper and board can be folded along creases or scored lines.
81
What is an example of a pre-cut item that can be folded by hand?
Some items, such as wine boxes, can be folded by hand from pre-cut material.
82
What is origami?
Origami is a Japanese craft where paper is folded into intricate shapes, such as animals and geometric shapes.
83
What is one of the most well-known origami structures?
One of the most well-known origami structures is the crane.
84
What is used to fold large quantities of items quickly?
Sometimes, specialist folding machines will be used to fold large quantities of items quickly and accurately.
85
What is die cutting?
Die cutting is used to cut, crease or perforate paper to create shapes and make nets.
86
What are the components of a die cutter?
Die cutters use a die (which works like a cookie cutter) to cut or crease material into a specific shape.
87
What type of blade is used in die cutting?
A sharp blade is used where a cut is required, and a round edge is used where a crease is required.
88
What is the advantage of die cutting?
Die cutting is very accurate and allows identical shapes to be cut quickly and to a high standard.
89
What types of die cutters are available?
There are various forms of die cutter available, including large-scale industrial presses that can mass-produce cut-out shapes and nets for use in 3D packaging.
90
What is a potential downside of die cutting?
Although the initial cost of metal dies can be expensive, die cutting is very accurate.
91
What is the purpose of surface treatments and finishes for papers and boards?
Adding a special finish can improve the appearance and functionality of papers and boards. ## Footnote For example, laminating a poster can make it water-resistant for use outdoors.
92
What is the main finishing process used for paper and boards?
Printing is the main finishing process used for paper and boards.
93
What are the two main methods for colour printing?
The two main methods are RGB and CMYK colour modes.
94
What does the RGB colour mode use?
The RGB colour mode uses three base colours: red, green, and blue.
95
What does the CMYK colour mode use?
The CMYK colour mode uses four base colours: cyan, magenta, yellow, and key (black).
96
What is the principle behind offset lithography?
Offset lithography is based on the principle that oil and water do not mix.
97
How is an image applied in offset lithography?
An image is applied to an aluminium printing plate using UV light.
98
What is the role of the ink rollers in offset lithography?
Ink rollers apply oil-based ink to the image area of the plate.
99
What is the role of the water rollers in offset lithography?
Water rollers apply water to the blank area of the plate.
100
What happens when the plate cylinder presses against the blanket cylinder?
The blanket cylinder presses away excess water and transfers the ink image to a piece of paper.
101
What types of items is offset lithography commonly used for?
Offset lithography is used for items with long print runs such as newspapers, magazines, and books.
102
What is screen printing?
Screen printing is a simple process ideal for short runs and prints that do not require a high level of detail, such as posters. A stencil is placed below a mesh screen, and the paper is placed below it.
103
How is ink applied in screen printing?
Ink is spread over the mesh screen using a rubber squeegee. The ink is then transferred through the stencil and onto the paper to print the design.
104
What is flexography?
Flexography is a printing method where the image or text is raised into a relief on the printing plate. It works on various materials and is quick compared to other forms of printing.
105
What are the advantages of flexography?
Flexography can be used for high volumes of print, is quick, and the ink is quick-drying. The plates can be reused multiple times if well-maintained.
106
What are the disadvantages of flexography?
The initial cost of flexography plates is high, and setting up can be time-consuming.
107
What is gravure printing?
Gravure is a method where an image is etched into the surface of a metal plate. The cavities, called 'cells', are filled with ink and transferred onto the paper.
108
What are the benefits of gravure printing?
Gravure produces high-quality, photographic images and is ideal for high-quality items with long print runs, such as catalogues and brochures, and fine detail items like stamps and photographs.
109
What is a notable feature of gravure printing?
Gravure printing allows for a high-quality finish, even when low-quality paper is used.
110
What is embossing?
Embossing involves pressing a specially shaped die onto the surface of a material to create a raised image.
111
What is the purpose of embossing?
Embossing can add a high-quality finish to luxury paper and card products.
112
How is embossing performed?
The sheet is placed between a custom-made counter die and a relief die, compressed, and pressure or heat is applied.
113
What is a practical application of embossing?
Embossing is useful for making Braille labels on medicines to help the visually impaired.
114
What is laminating?
Lamination is used to protect paper and card from damage and wear.
115
What finishes can lamination have?
Lamination can have a shiny or matt finish.
116
What is commonly laminated?
Posters, menus, and membership cards are commonly laminated.
117
How is lamination applied?
A laminating machine presses a sheet of paper or card between a plastic sleeve using heated rollers.
118
Can lamination be applied in other ways?
Yes, lamination can also be applied cold or by using liquid.
119
What is varnishing?
Varnishing is used to add a shiny or matt surface finish to paper.
120
What is spot varnishing?
Spot varnishing is when varnishing is applied to just one specific area.
121
When can varnishing be done?
Varnishing can be done during or after the printing process.
122
What is UV varnishing?
UV varnishing protects paper from wear and is commonly used for glossy magazines, business cards, and brochures.
123
How does UV varnishing work?
It involves applying a varnish to the paper and then drying it under a UV light.
124
What is the advantage of drying varnish under UV light?
Drying under UV light makes the process much quicker than standard varnishing.
125
Why is UV varnishing ideal for food packaging?
It dries instantly, making it suitable for packaging that may need to be folded immediately.

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