PARA107 Exam review Flashcards
(41 cards)
What is the correct anatomical position for
decompressing a tension pneumothorax?
Midclavicular line, second intercostal space,
above the third rib
Why is it important to be “above the third
rib” when decompressing a tension
pneumothorax?
• Each rib has a neurovascular bundle running
along it’s inferoposterior surface.
Outline the pathological changes that occur as a result of
>25% TBSA partial and full thickness burns.
Pathological changes include;
Increase capillary permeability
Loss of intravascular proteins and fluid into interstitial space
Fluid shifts results in fluid loss leading to hypotension
There is an increase in circulating myocardial depressant
chemicals like tumour necrosis factor and alterations in calcium
Fluid loss from evaporation results in systemic hypoperfusion
List four (4) complications that occur as a result of traumatic thoracic injury;
- Exsanguination
- Flail chest
- Sucking chest wound
- Pneumotharax/Haemotharax/Tension pneumotharax
- Oesophageal injury
- Diaphragmatic injury
- Myocardial injuries
Define shock.
Shock is a state of poor systemic perfusion.
Inadequate supply of oxygen to cells.
The lack of oxygen and nutrient delivery and removal of waste products impairs normal cellular metabolism.
Cells cannot generate enough energy (ATP) for their
metabolic requirements and so are prone to cellular death
Define cardiogenic shock.
Cardiogenic shock is the inability of the heart to
deliver sufficient blood to the tissue to meet resting
metabolic needs
Identify four (4) causes of cardiogenic shock.
- AMI
- Dysrhythmias
- Toxins/drugs
- Cardiac contusions
Answer the following statement True or False.
Distributive shock is also referred to as relative
hypovolaemia.
True
True or False. An
extradural haematoma is a haemorrhage that
occurs between the inner surface of the cranium
and the dura mater.
True
What is the normal range of Intracranial pressure?
5-15mmHg
How do we determine Cerebral Perfusion Pressure?
CCP = MAP - ICP
Calculate the Mean Arterial Pressure of a patient
with a BP of 140/80mmHg.
MAP = 1/3 PP + DBP • PP = 140-80 = 60 • 1/3 PP = 20 • DBP = 80 • MAP = 20 + 80 • MAP = 100
OR
MAP= ( (2xDiastolic) + Systolic) divided by 3
What are the temperature ranges for Mild, Moderate and Severe HYPOthermia?
Mild hypothermia • 32-35ᵒC • Moderate hypothermia • 28-32ᵒC • Severe hypothermia • <28ᵒC
What is the type of injury that is caused by swelling or
bleeding into a closed fascial space ?
Compartment Syndrome
List four (4) functions of bone in the human body
Movement facilitation – in conjunction with muscles
• Structure and shape – a body framework
• Organ protection – For example skull protect brain, ribs
protect lungs/heart
• Blood cell production in bone marrow
• Mineral storage – principally of calcium and phosphorous
• Storage of fatty acids in yellow bone marrow
List three (3) hallmark clinical signs for a patient with basilar skull fracture.
CSF leakage
Battle’s sign (bruising over mastoid process)
Raccoon’s eyes (periorbital bruising)
How many grades of Le Forte fracture are there
three
Be able to label these on a diagram A. Ilium B. Sacrum C. Acetabulum D. Superior Pubic Ramus E. Symphysis Pubis F. Inferior Pubic Ramus
https://accessphysiotherapy.mhmedical.com/data/books/simo6/simo6_c017f001.jpg
Identify two causes of non-traumatic hypovolaemic
shock.
Diarrhoea
• Vomiting
• Dehydration
Describe the process leading to pericardial tamponade and
how circulation is impaired. Additionally list two common
causes.
Blood enters the pericardial sac. The expanding volume of
blood within the pericardial sac diminished cardiac output.
By causing compression of the ventricles, limiting filling
during diastole. The consequence is reduced stroke volume
and cardiac output potentially leading to cardiac arrest.
• Commonly caused by penetrating cardiac injury
(stab/gunshot/projectile) but also caused by dissecting aortic aneurysm.
Adult bones contain predominately yellow marrow.
What is a risk associated with this marrow when
the bone is fractured?
Fat embolus
Name the main complications of fractures
- haemorrhage
- nerve impingement/ damage
- crush/ compartment syndrome
- soft tissue injury
- fat emboli
- organ laceration
- thoracic breach
- infection
What is a crush injury and how does it occur
a crush injury occurs
- when the body or a body part is trapped by a compressive force
- compressive forces applied to an area that results in localised tissue injury
- crush injuries can deteriorate into compartment syndrome
What are the 5 P’s in compartment syndrome?
- Pain
- Parasthesia - tingling or burning, can lead to numbness
- Pallor- pale/grey skin, delayed cap refill, cold
- Paralysis
- Pulselessness
