Paramyxovirus and Rubella Flashcards by Tori Bone

Describe the structure of Paramyxovirus

Negative sense single-stranded RNA viruses, Helical Nucleocapsid, Enveloped virus

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What is Paramyxovirus susceptible to as an enveloped virus?

drying, acid, detergents, and hand sanitizers

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How is Paramyxovirus spread?

Primarily by respiratory secretions, person-to-person, fomites, and hands

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All paramyxoviruses are considered ______ viruses

contagious

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The paramyxovirus infected cell can fused membranes of neighboring cells to form a large multinucleated cell called a ________

syncytium

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Syncytia are a common feature of paramyxoviruses. Virsues that can use syncytium to spread cell to cell can more easily…..

escape neutralizing antibodies

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Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is spread how? Does it have seasonality?

Spread is person-to-person via respiratory droplets with winter/spring seasonality, Nov. to April

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What type of infection is RSV?

RSV is a local infection, it has a short incubation time and starts with an upper repertory tract infection

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If RSV spreads to the middle and lower respiratory tract, what can occur?

A more severe disease like bronchiolitis or pneumonia can occur

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RSV is restricted to ________ cells and spread through the respiratory tract mostly by…..

epithelial; cell-to-cell spread or aspiration of upper respiratory tract secretions

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What is the #1 cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children <1 yr old and <5 yr olds, and the primary cause of bronchiolitis in children <1 yr old

RSV

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Why does RSV cause a high risk of severe complication in premature infants?

Because they have less developed lungs and not as many maternal antibodies

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What other age group also has a very high burden or RSV infections?

Older people >65

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RSV infections happen at all ages but are worse in….

infants and the elderly

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Describe the immunity to RSV

Immunity is not long-lasting, and it is possible to get reinfected with the same strain

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Why do elderly have a high risk of pneumonia with RSV?

-Because of waning immunity and underlying comorbidities
-This can lead to increased severity of the infection

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What happens to older children and adults who get infected with RSV?

Usually have mild upper respiratory tract infections, probably due to partial immunity; they still get sick; just not as bad, or are asymptomatic

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Is there a vaccine for RSV?

There is a new vaccine for people 60 or greater and pregnant people. The idea of vaccinating pregnant people is to have maternal ab spread to the infant

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_______ can be used as a treatment for RSV but it not that effective

Ribavirin

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One preventative tx for RSV is _______, a monoclonal antibody to the surface protein of RSV

Palivizumab

-It is costly, only given to certain preterm infants, and only in the RSV season
-Does help reduce RSV hospitalizations

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What is Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV)

Another paramyxovirus similar to RSV (but tends to infect slightly older children)

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What is Parainfluenza Virus (PIV)?

Another paramyxovirus that causes a respiratory infection

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What are the general characteristics of PIV?

-Spread via respiratory droplets
-Local infection
-Shorter incubation time
-Enveloped virus
-Considered ‘contagious’

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________ is the primary cause of croup (inflammation of the larynx and trachea)

Parainfluenza (PIV)

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What can PIV cause in young children?

Sever lower respiratory tract infections

Is there immunity to parainfluenza?

Partial immunity to reinfection, you can still get reinfected, but generally milder and stay in the upper respiratory tract or is an asymptomatic infection

How does Parainfluezna affect adults? The elderly?

-Adults are commonly infected but have mild symptoms -It is not known how it affects the elders

PIV can cause severe illness in the ________

immunocompromised

Describe the general characteristics of Mumps

-A generalized/systemic infection -That means longer incubation times, the virus can affect several different parts of the body, and has a viremic stage

How does Mumps spread?

By the respiratory route via saliva

What is the major defining characteristic of mumps?

-Parotitis (swelling of the parotid gland) -Orchitis (testicular swelling) (Testicular swelling rarely leads to sterility but can lead to lower fertility

When is a person with Mumps infectious?

A few days before symptoms

Pre-vaccine mumps was a major cause of ______ and _______

encephalitis and meningitis

Mumps can also cause unilateral _________, either permanent or temporary

hearing loss

What type of vaccine is the vaccine we have for MMR?

attenuated live virus

Why have older adolescents or college-age students having MMR outbreaks recently, even if vaccinated?

Probably due to waning vaccine immunity and crowded living conditions

If someone who is vaccinated contracts mumps, there are fewer _________

complications

What type of infection is Measles?

-A paramyxovirus with a generalized/systemic infection -Measles has a longer incubation time and a viremic stage

How is Measles spread?

Through the respiratory route and can be aerosolized (Measles aerosols can stay in the air for 2 hours)

Measles is (asymptomatic/symptomatic)

Symptomatic -Very few are asymptomatically infected

People who are infected with Measles are infectious (before/after) the measles rash

Before

What percentage of susceptible people who come into contact with someone who has measles will become infected?

90%

What are the 3 C's of measles with high fever?

Cough Coryza Conjunctivitis

What are Koplik spots?

Pathognomonic of measles - 1 to 2 days before the rash, Koplik spots appear

Where do Koplik spots appear?

On the buccal membrane, often opposite 2nd molars, and can cover the entire mucous membrane of the mouth

How are Koplik spots described?

As grains of sand or salt surrounded by a red halo, sometimes also described as having a bluish cast

What causes the measles rash?

Cytotoxic T cells killing measles-infected cells

When might the measles rash NOT be present?

In immunocompromised people

There is a very high measles death rate in the ________

immunocompromised

There is a high rate of _______ with measles

hospitalizations -Many hospitalized patients have pneumonia, and most deaths are from pneumonia

_________ can occur with a moderate death rate. However, survivors can have permanent neurological complications

Encephalitis

___________ can occur many years after measles infection. ______ leads to coma and death. It is rare in measles and seems to happen more when infected before the age of 2.

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE); SSPE

What type of vaccine is the measles vaccine?

Live-attenuated (part of MMR)

When does the measles vaccine need to be given?

At 1 year of age. If given earlier, maternal antibodies can interfere with vaccine efficacy

What is the post-exposure prophylaxis for measles

1) Vaccine, if given up to 72 hours after exposure, may prevent disease 2) Immune globulin (IG) may prevent or modify the disease if given up to 6 days after exposure.

Describe the structure of Rubella

Togavirus +ssRNA icosahedral virus, enveloped and inactivated the same was as paramyxoviruses

What does Rubella cause?

German measles/3-day measles

How is Rubella spread?

Respiratory droplets

What type of infection is Rubella?

Systemic infection/Not a local infection, with longer incubation times

Rubella infections are (asymptomatic/symptomatic)

Many infections are asymptomatic

When is a person with Rubella infectious?

A week before and a week after the rash

What are the symptoms of Rubella?

-Many of the same symptoms of Measles but milder and post-auricular lymphadenopathy occur before the rash -The rash lasts only 3 days and again is milder than Measles

Some people who have rubella have _________ on the soft pallet

Forchheimer spots (However, this is not pathognomonic of rubella. Other diseases also have petechia on the soft pallet)

Rubella causes __________ if infected during the first trimester of pregnancy up to 20 weeks

congenital rubella syndrome

What did the rubella outbreak in the 60s lead to?

-Large number of neonatal deaths -Miscarriages -Congenital rubella syndrome that included deafness, blindness, cognitive impairment, and cardiac problems

What type of vaccine is the vaccine for rubella?

Live-attenuated vaccine (part of MMR)

Paramyxovirus and Rubella Flashcards

(66 cards)