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FRCOphth Part1 - paranasal sinuses > Paranasal Sinuses > Flashcards

Paranasal Sinuses Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

Cavities in the interior of the maxilla, frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones

They vary in size and shape among individuals and ages.

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2
Q

What is the primary function of the paranasal sinuses?

A

To act as resonators to the voice and reduce the weight of the skull

When blocked, the quality of the voice can change markedly.

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3
Q

How do the sinuses communicate with the nasal cavity?

A

Through relatively small apertures

This communication is essential for drainage and airflow.

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4
Q

What type of epithelium lines the paranasal sinuses?

A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium

The cilia help move mucus into the nasal cavity.

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5
Q

What role does the cilia play in the sinuses?

A

Moves mucus into the nasal cavity

This action is crucial for maintaining sinus health.

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6
Q

Where are the maxillary sinuses located?

A

In the bodies of the maxillae

They are usually the largest of the paranasal sinuses.

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7
Q

Describe the shape of the maxillary sinuses.

A

Pyramid-shaped

The base forms part of the lateral wall of the nose.

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8
Q

What forms the roof of the maxillary sinus?

A

Orbital plate of the maxilla

It contains the infraorbital nerve and blood vessels.

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9
Q

How far below the floor of the nose does the floor of the maxillary sinus lie?

A

About 1.25 cm

This positioning is important for dental and sinus health.

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10
Q

What can cause conical projections on the floor of the maxillary sinus?

A

The apexes of the roots of the two premolar and three molar teeth

These projections can affect sinus health.

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11
Q

What structures are contained in the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus?

A

Canals for the anterior and middle superior alveolar nerves and blood vessels

These structures are branches of the infraorbital nerve.

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12
Q

What is the relationship of the posterior wall of the maxillary sinus?

A

Related to the infratemporal fossa

It contains the posterior superior alveolar nerves and blood vessels.

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13
Q

What bones contribute to the medial wall of the maxillary sinus?

A
  • Maxilla
  • Uncinate process of the ethmoid
  • Inferior concha
  • Vertical plate of the palatine bone

These contributions help define the sinus structure.

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14
Q

True or False: The maxillary sinuses are the smallest of the paranasal sinuses.

A

False

They are usually the largest paranasal sinuses.

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15
Q

Fill in the blank: The mucus produced by the glands moves into the nasal cavity by _______.

A

The action of the cilia of the lining epithelium

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16
Q

What is the maxillary sinus commonly indented by?

A

Bony ridges and septa

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17
Q

How may the maxillary sinus be divided?

A

Completely or incompletely into two parts

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18
Q

Where does the maxillary sinus communicate with the nose?

A

Through an opening in the superior part of its base. Pierces hiatus semilunaris

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19
Q

What pierces the in the maxillary sinus?

A

A single small opening or small openings

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20
Q

Into which part of the nose does the maxillary sinus discharge?

A

Middle meatus of the nose

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21
Q

What is the primary nerve supply for the area?

A

The area is supplied by the anterior and posterior superior alveolar branches of the infraorbital and maxillary arteries

This indicates the importance of these branches in providing sensory innervation.

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22
Q

From which arteries does the arterial supply originate?

A

Anterior and posterior superior alveolar branches of the infraorbital and maxillary arteries

These arteries are crucial for blood supply in the region.

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23
Q

How do the veins drain the maxillary sinus?

A

Veins drain through the ostium and join the venous plexuses in the nose

This drainage pathway is important for venous return.

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24
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the maxillary sinus?

A

Lymphatic vessels pass through the ostium and drain into the submandibular nodes

This indicates the lymphatic route involved in immune response.

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25
Fill in the blank: The arterial supply is from the _______ and posterior superior alveolar branches.
anterior ## Footnote This highlights the specific branches involved in the arterial supply.
26
True or False: The veins drain directly into the heart.
False ## Footnote Veins drain into the venous plexuses in the nose before returning to the heart.
27
Where are the frontal sinuses located?
Within the frontal bone ## Footnote The frontal sinuses are situated above the medial end of the eyebrows and extend backward into the medial part of the roof of the orbit.
28
What separates the two frontal sinuses?
A bony septum ## Footnote The bony septum frequently deviates from the median plane.
29
What is the shape of the frontal sinuses?
Roughly triangular ## Footnote The frontal sinuses extend upward and backward. Bony partitions divide them into a number of segments
30
How does the development of the frontal sinus vary among individuals?
It can be excessive, absent, or poorly developed ## Footnote In some cases, one sinus may cross the midline or invade adjacent bones.
31
What is the relationship of the anterior wall of the frontal sinus?
Related to the skin of the forehead and the supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves ## Footnote The anterior wall is thin and sensitive.
32
What structures does the posterior wall of the frontal sinus relate to?
The meninges and the frontal lobe of the cerebral hemisphere ## Footnote This wall is also thin, making it significant in surgical considerations.
33
What is the relationship of the floor of the frontal sinus?
Related to the orbit and the nose ## Footnote The floor is critical for the sinus's drainage and communication.
34
How does the frontal sinus communicate with the nose?
Through the frontonasal duct or the ethmoidal infundibulum ## Footnote These structures open into the hiatus semilunaris in the middle meatus.
35
What supplies the mucous membrane of the frontal sinus?
A branch from the supraorbital nerve ## Footnote This occurs as the nerve passes through the supraorbital notch or foramen.
36
What arteries supply blood to the frontal sinus?
Supraorbital and anterior ethmoidal arteries ## Footnote These arteries are vital for the sinus's vascularization.
37
Where do the veins draining the frontal sinus empty?
Into the venous plexuses of the nose and the supraorbital vein ## Footnote This drainage is important for maintaining sinus health.
38
Where do the lymphatic vessels from the frontal sinus drain?
Into the submandibular nodes ## Footnote This drainage pathway is crucial for immune response.
39
Where do the lymphatic vessels drain?
Into the submandibular nodes ## Footnote This refers to the lymphatic drainage system associated with the head and neck.
40
What bone houses the sphenoidal sinuses?
Sphenoid bone ## Footnote The sphenoidal sinuses are located within the body of the sphenoid bone.
41
What is a unique characteristic of sphenoidal sinuses?
They vary most in their extent and development among air sinuses ## Footnote Sphenoidal sinuses can differ significantly between individuals.
42
What structures may the sphenoidal sinus extend into?
Pterygoid processes or greater wing of sphenoid ## Footnote In some individuals, the sphenoidal sinus can encroach on the basilar part of the occipital bone.
43
What separates the two sphenoidal sinuses?
Vertical median septum ## Footnote This septum is often deviated to one side of the midline.
44
What is a common asymmetry found in sphenoidal sinuses?
One sinus is often much larger than the other ## Footnote This size difference can lead to one sinus extending across the midline.
45
What is located anteriorly to the sphenoidal sinus?
Nasal cavity and ethmoidal sinuses ## Footnote The anterior wall of the sphenoidal sinus is in close relation to these structures.
46
What is located posteriorly to the sphenoidal sinus?
Posterior cranial fossa and pons ## Footnote The posterior wall of the sphenoidal sinus faces these structures.
47
What lies laterally to the sphenoidal sinus?
Cavernous sinus ## Footnote The cavernous sinus contains the internal carotid artery and the abducent nerve.
48
What is the superior relation of the sphenoidal sinus?
Hypophysis cerebri, optic nerves, and optic chiasma ## Footnote This indicates the sinus's proximity to key neurological structures.
49
What is the inferior relation of the sphenoidal sinus?
Nasopharynx and pterygoid canal ## Footnote This highlights the sinus's anatomical connections below it.
50
Where does the sphenoidal sinus open into?
Nasal cavity into the sphenoethmoidal recess ## Footnote This opening occurs above the superior concha.
51
What supplies the mucous membrane of the sphenoidal sinus?
Posterior ethmoidal nerves and orbital branches of the pterygopalatine ganglion ## Footnote These nerves provide sensory innervation to the sinus.
52
What is the arterial supply for the sphenoidal sinus?
Posterior ethmoidal arteries ## Footnote These arteries provide the necessary blood supply to the sinus.
53
Where do the veins from the sphenoidal sinus drain?
Into the posterior ethmoidal veins ## Footnote This drainage is part of the venous return from the sinus.
54
Where do the lymphatic vessels from the sphenoidal sinus drain?
Into the retropharyngeal nodes ## Footnote This indicates the lymphatic drainage pathway from the sinus.
55
What do the ethmoidal sinuses consist of?
A honeycomb of air cells ## Footnote These cells lie within the ethmoid bone.
56
What do the lymphatic vessels of the anterior and middle groups of ethmoidal air cells drain into?
Submandibular nodes
57
What do the lymphatic vessels of the posterior group of ethmoidal air cells drain into?
Retropharyngeal nodes
58
What are the ethmoidal sinuses composed of?
A honeycomb of air cells
59
Where are the ethmoidal sinuses located?
Within the ethmoid bone between the nose and the orbit
60
How many air cells can the ethmoidal sinuses have?
As few as 3 or as many as 18
61
What are the three groups of ethmoidal air cells?
Anterior, middle, and posterior
62
What structures are superiorly related to the ethmoidal sinuses?
Anterior cranial fossa, meninges, and frontal lobe
63
What structure lies inferiorly to the ethmoidal sinuses?
The nose
64
What is the lateral relation of the ethmoidal sinuses?
Orbital cavity
65
What separates the ethmoidal sinuses from adjacent structures?
Paper-thin bone
66
What can infection of the ethmoidal sinuses easily spread to?
The orbit, causing orbital cellulitis
67
How do the anterior group of air cells communicate with the nose?
Through openings into the ethmoidal infundibulum or the frontonasal duct
68
Where does the middle group of air cells open into?
The middle meatus of the nose
69
Where does the posterior group of air cells open into?
The superior meatus of the nose
70
What supplies the ethmoidal air cells with nerves?
Anterior and posterior ethmoidal nerves and orbital branches of the pterygopalatine ganglion
71
What is the arterial supply of the ethmoidal air cells?
Anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries and sphenopalatine artery
72
True or False: The venous drainage of the ethmoidal air cells corresponds to the arterial supply.
True
73
What are the paranasal sinuses?
Diverticula from the nasal mucosa
74
At what stage are paranasal sinuses present at birth?
Rudimentary or absent
75
When do the paranasal sinuses rapidly increase in size?
At the eruption of permanent teeth and puberty
76
What is sinusitis?
Infection of the paranasal sinuses
77
What can cause maxillary sinusitis?
Extension from an apical dental abscess
78
Why is the maxillary sinus particularly susceptible to infection?
Drainage orifice is near the roof of the sinus
79
How does fluid accumulation affect sinus drainage?
The sinus must fill with fluid before it can effectively drain
80
Where does the frontal sinus drain?
Into the hiatus semilunaris
81
What is the relationship between frontal sinusitis and maxillary sinusitis?
A patient with frontal sinusitis nearly always has maxillary sinusitis
82
What is the commonest cause of orbital cellulitis?
Ethmoidal sinusitis
83
Why can infection spread easily from ethmoidal sinusitis?
The medial wall of the orbit is paper-thin
84
What is the drainage site for the maxillary sinus?
Middle meatus through hiatus semilunaris
85
What is the drainage site for the frontal sinus?
Middle meatus via frontonasal duct or ethmoidal infundibulum
86
What is the drainage site for the sphenoidal sinuses?
Sphenoethmoidal recess
87
What is the drainage site for the anterior group of ethmoidal sinuses?
Middle meatus via ethmoidal infundibulum or frontonasal duct
88
What is the drainage site for the middle group of ethmoidal sinuses?
Middle meatus on or above bulla ethmoidalis
89
What is the drainage site for the posterior group of ethmoidal sinuses?
Superior meatus
90
When do maxillary and sphenoidal sinuses become fully formed?
In adolescence
91
Fill in the blank: The maxillary and sphenoidal sinuses are usually present in _______ form at birth.
Rudimentary
92
How can the maxillary sinus be clinically examined?
By pressing one's finger against the anterior wall of the maxilla below the inferior orbital margin
93
What may increased sensitivity over the infraorbital nerve indicate?
Potential issues with the maxillary sinus
94
How can inflammation in the maxillary sinus be detected?
Using a flashlight to check for inflammatory exudate in a darkened room
95
Where is the frontal sinus examined?
By pressing upward beneath the medial end of the superior orbital margin
96
How can the ethmoidal sinuses be palpated?
By pressing medially against the medial wall of the orbit
97
What nerves innervate the maxillary sinus?
* Infraorbital nerve * Anterior superior alveolar nerve * Middle superior alveolar nerve * Posterior superior alveolar nerve
98
Where does pain from the maxillary sinus refer to?
* Upper jaw * Teeth * Skin of the cheek
99
What nerve innervates the frontal sinus?
Supraorbital nerve
100
What areas may experience referred pain due to frontal sinusitis?
Skin of the forehead and scalp as far back as the vertex
101
What can happen if the bony boundaries of the optic canal are invaded by sphenoidal or ethmoidal sinuses?
Spread of infection to the optic nerve, causing retrobulbar neuritis
102
What risks are associated with surgical intrusion in chronic sinusitis treatment?
Damage to orbital contents or the optic nerve
103
What can a severe blow to the eye cause in relation to the maxillary sinus?
The floor of the orbit may buckle downward into the maxillary sinus
104
What additional symptoms may occur due to damage from a blow-out fracture?
* Diplopia * Loss of sensation to the cheek * Loss of sensation to the upper lip
105
What type of trauma can cause inward buckling of the ethmoid bone?
Trauma to the eye, often negligible
106
What is a potential result of an ethmoidal fracture?
Expansion of the orbit's volume and enophthalmos
107
The medial wall/base of the maxillary sinus is formed by…
Maxilla, unicate process of ethmoid, inferior concha (WHICH IS A SEPARATE BONE), vertical plate of palatine bone

FRCOphth Part1 - paranasal sinuses (1 decks)

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