Parasites

Question 1

What type of parasite is giardiasis

Answer 1

Flagellate protozoan

Question 2

Trophozoite

Answer 2

live adult protozoa

Question 3

transmission of giardia

Answer 3

fecal oral

Question 4

What part of the body does giaridia affect

Answer 4

duodenum and jéjunum. The crypts hypertropy and villous flatten. Caused by irritation and inflammation

Question 5

Giardia work up:

Answer 5

stool smear (3x)
Stool enzyme linked immunsorbent assay (ELISA)

Question 6

Tx Giardia

Answer 6

Flagyl

Question 7

Two amoebias that cause disease

Answer 7

E.histolyica and Dientamoeba fragilis

Question 8

maturation process of amoeba

Answer 8

trophozoite emerges from ingested cyst in the stomach or duodenum. They divide again and move to the cecum and cause problems in the mucosal surface by invading the bowel wall, forming ulcers, and perforation in the peritoneal cavity

Question 9

Factors that determine invasion of amoebas

Answer 9

number ingested
pathogenic capacity of the parasite strain
host factors gut motility and immune competence

Question 10

microemboli due to amoeba trophozoites carried through portal circulation causes?

Answer 10

Hepatitis and liver abscess

Question 11

Amoeba Dx

Answer 11

stool specimen

serology

Question 12

Why is E.histolytica different and how do you tx?

Answer 12

higher risk of invasive disease. Use Paromomycin (asymptomatic) or metronidazole (symptomatic)

Question 13

malaria transmission

Answer 13

mosquitoes inject sporozoites(protozoa) that circulate to the liver and multiple within hepatocytes

Question 14

most deadly malaria parasite species

Answer 14

Plasmodium falciparum, because it invades RBC of any age and causes agglutination forming thrombi and emboli

Question 15

malaria symptoms

Answer 15

spleno/hepatomegaly in chronically infected pt

Question 16

congenital malaria

Answer 16

febrile newborn

Question 17

Malaria tx

Answer 17

chloroquine(resistance)
atovaquone
hydroxychloroquine
doxycycline
mefloquine(larium)

Question 18

malaria prophylaxis

Answer 18

chloroquine or primiquine

Question 19

Crytosporidiosis

Answer 19

protozoan, associated with municipal water supple due to resistance of chlorine
Fecal/Oral. Very small and you only need one to be infected

Question 20

Crytospordiosis infection sites

Answer 20

epithelial of the GI, respiratory tract and conjunctiva of eyes. Cell damage occurs via T-cell mediated inflammation….microvilli death

Question 21

Crytospord Dx

Answer 21

stool sample 3x

Enzyme immunoassay using PCR

Question 22

Toxoplasma gondii

Answer 22

protozoan, cats are the only host that allows the parasite to fully mature. 3rd cause of death attributed to food borne illness. In lamb and pork Normally immune system keeps parasite from causing illness

Question 23

toxo pathophysiology

Answer 23

oocyts releases spores in the duodenum, they pass through gut wall, circulate in the body and infect various cells including macrophages/lymph nodes and penetrate nerve cells(brain and eyes)

Question 24

toxo symtoms

Answer 24

hepatitis, pneumonia, blindness & neurologic disorder

Question 25

toxo congential

Answer 25

only occurs when pregnant mother is infected=baby can be blind, hydrocephaly, psychomotor disturbances

Question 26

toxo prenatal

Answer 26

blinds, enlarged spleen and liver

Question 27

Ocular toxo

Answer 27

multiple recurrences may cause glaucoma

Question 28

Toxo DX

Answer 28

blood contains specific antibodies, sputum, BM and CFS can also be used

Question 29

why change litter box daily

Answer 29

takes 48 hours for oocytes to become infective

Question 30

Tx toxo

Answer 30

trimethoprim, bactrim

Question 31

Pinworms (Helminths)

Answer 31

enterobius vermicularis, fecal/oral. live in colon and cecum will crawl out during the night. Itchy butt

Question 32

pinworm dx

Answer 32

stool for ova and worm or tape test

Question 33

pinworm tx

Answer 33

pyrantel pamoate or mebendazole(vermox)

Question 34

Round worm

Answer 34

ascariasis

Question 35

round worm pathophysiology

Answer 35

hatch in small intestine, blood stream to lungs, coughed up and swallowed go to the lumen of the intestine where they live off of ingested food but don't attach to the wall

Question 36

Clinical findings roundworms

Answer 36

damage occurs to the lungs where inflammation caused by eosinophilic exudate response to larval antigens or intestinal obstruction

Question 37

dx roundworm

Answer 37

stool sample and use mebendazole

Question 38

Hookworm

Answer 38

Necator americanus

Question 39

Hookworm pathophysiology

Answer 39

barbs pentrate skin, bloodstream to lungs to small intestine where they attach the wall and feed on blood

Question 40

hookworm clinical findings

Answer 40

blood loss, microcytic anemia and pneumonia with eosinophilia can be seen during larval migration through the lungs

Question 41

hookworm Dx and Tx

Answer 41

stool sample for parasite and blood Eosinophilia is common mebendazole and pyrantel pamoate

Question 42

Trichinosis

Answer 42

pigs and other animals, infected by eating uncooked meat. the larva only fully develop in the muscle cells where they hide from macrophages

Question 43

trichinosis clinical findings

Answer 43

diarrhea, fever, muscle pain periorbital edema and eosinophilia, subconjunctival hemorrhages. death is caused by congestive heart failure

Question 44

dx trichinosis

Answer 44

muscle biopsy

Question 45

tx trichinosis

Answer 45

no tx

Question 46

Dog worm

Answer 46

Toxocara canis, major cause of larvae migration to many organs including brain, eyes and liver. B/c humans are not the final host, issues are from larvae death

Question 47

Dog worm clinical findings

Answer 47

visceralis larva migrans and occular larva migrans granulomas are formed from dead larvae and delayed hypersensitive response to larval proteins Fever hepatomegaly, and eosinphilia

Question 48

Dog worm Occular larva migrans

Answer 48

unilateral visual impairment, strabismus and white elevated lesions

Question 49

What age is affected by dogwood?

Answer 49

young children (common parasite in domestic dogs)

Question 50

Dx dogworm

Answer 50

serologic, hypergammaglobulinemia and eosinphila

Question 51

tx dogworm

Answer 51

albenazole and mebendazole

Question 52

Anisakiasis

Answer 52

ingesting raw seafood caused by nematode

Question 53

Anisakiasis S/S

Answer 53

GI, abdominal pain, eosinphilia, blood in stool, appendicitis and chronic infection

Question 54

Anisakiasis Dx

Answer 54

endoscopically or laparotomy. Serology: DO NOT help . NO TREATMENT

Question 55

Cestodes (tapeworm) Taenia

Answer 55

T. solium (pork) and T.saginata (beef)

Question 56

Cestodes (tapeworm) Taenia S/S and Tx

Answer 56

GI issues, gravid proglottids branches in the stool Use: Praziquantel