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Exam #3 > Parasites > Flashcards

Parasites Flashcards

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1
Q

List the intestinal Helminth roundworms

A
  • human Roundworm - Ascaris lumbricoides
  • Pinworm - Enterobius
  • Whipworm - Trichuris trichuria
  • Threadworm - Strongylides
  • Hookworms - Necator and Ancyclostoma
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2
Q

List the intestinal helminth Tapeworms

A
  • Taenia saginata (beef)
  • Taenia solium (pork)
  • Diphyllobothrium latum (fish)
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3
Q

List the tissue and blood Roundworm that are ingested

A
  • Trichenella spiralis
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4
Q

List the tissue and blood Tapeworm that are ingested

A
  • Echinococcosis granulomosis
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5
Q

List the Helminth flatworms that enter the skin

A
  • Schistosoma mansoni, haematobium, japonicum
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6
Q

List the Helminth roundworms that enter the skin

A
  • Wachereria bancrofti

- Onchocerciasis volvulus

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7
Q

List the protozoa associated with malaria

A
  • Plasmodium falciparum
  • Plasmodium vivax, ovale
  • Plasmodium malariae
  • Plasmodium knowlesi
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8
Q

List the protozoa associated with blood disorders

A
  • Plasmodium

- Babesia microti

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9
Q

List the protozoa associated with tissue disorders

A
  • Toxoplasma gondii
  • Pneumocystis jiroveci
  • Leishmania donovanii
  • Trypanosoma cruzi
  • Trypanosoma brucei
  • Naegleria acanthamoeba
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10
Q

List the protozoa associated with intestinal disorders

A
  • Entamoeba histolytica
  • Giardia lamblia
  • Cryptosporidium
  • Cyclospora cayetanensis
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11
Q

List the protozoa associated with vaginal disorders

A
  • Trichomonas vaginalis
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12
Q

List some viruses that are associated with zoonotic transmission.

A
  • Yellow Fever
  • Dengue Fever
  • West nile
  • Hantavirus
  • Orf virus
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13
Q

Explain the relationship between the ages of RBCs attacked by the Plasmodium types.

A
  • P. falciparum - all ages and appear with small dots in RBC
  • P. vivax, ovale - produce ring forms and tetrads in young RBC
  • P. malariae - produces bands in old blood cells
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14
Q

What malarial species is most commonly associated with heavy parasitemia?

A
  • Plasmodium falciparium gametocyte
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15
Q

Describe thick smears for malaria diagnosis.

A
  • a few drops of blood are placed on a slide for microscopy

- used to identify the presence of parasites

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16
Q

Describe a thin smear for malaria diagnosis.

A
  • one drop of blood is smeared on a slide for microscopy

- used to identify the morphology of the parasite for identification

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17
Q

Describe the life cycle of malaria parasites.

A
  • Anopheles mosquito (female) bites (drools into) human
  • parasite moves to the liver to mature and then released as a merozoite into the RBC
  • As RBC dies merozoite released and forms gametes
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18
Q

What is the incubation period of malaria and exceptions?

A
  • 8-30 days after bite
  • Vivax and ovale can persist as hypnozoites in liver for years
  • Malariae attacks older cells = chronic infection
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19
Q

What are polymorphisms of RBC that can affect the severity of malaria?

A
  • Sickle cell

- Duffy polymorphism

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20
Q

What is the distribution of malaria infections worldwide?

A
  • near equator at low elevations
  • tropical climates where Anopheles mosquitos live
  • Vivax absent in west Africa
  • Ovale in West Africa
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21
Q

What are four methods of malaria transmission?

A
  • mosquitos
  • transfusion
  • needle sharing
  • perinatal
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22
Q

What are the clinical presentations for malaria?

A
  • fever recurring every 48 hours
  • recent tropical travel
  • malaise
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23
Q

What are the three categories of parasites?

A
  • protozoan
  • helminth
  • ectoparasites
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24
Q

What are two organs that can be attacked by P. falciparum?

A
  • brain

- kidney

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25
What are some medications used to prevent Chloroquine resistance?
- mefloquine - Atovaquone-proguanil - doxycycline
26
What are the morphological characteristics of the malaria causing parasites?
- P. falciparum - large lateral spine - P. vivax, ovale - terminal spine - P. malariae - small/no spine
27
What is the deadliest of the malaria species?
- Plasmodium falciparum
28
What malaria species is associated with chloroquine resistance?
- Plasmodium falciparum
29
Describe the timing of malaria prophylaxis.
- doxycycline/ atovaquone-proguanil - 2 weeks prior to exposure and continued for 4 weeks after departure
30
What are the characteristics of Babesia microti?
- resembles malaria infection - found in NE U.S. - tetrad found in RBC - clindamycin used to treat - spread by tick bites
31
How is toxoplasmosis spread?
- parasite oocytes are found in cat feces | - undercooked meats
32
What are the characteristics of Pneumocystis jiroveci?
- AIDS opportunistic infection - fungus - Treat with TMX-SMX
33
What are the characteristics of Leishmania donovanii?
- vector - Phlebotomine sandflies - produces a cutaneous ulcer - intracellular protozoan - reservoir - dogs
34
What are the characteristics of Trypanosoma cruzi?
- intracellular protozoan - manifests in Chagas disease, esophageal dysmotility - bug feces are rubbed into wounds
35
What are the characteristics of Trypansoma brucei?
- protazoan infecting tissue - in Africa - vector - Tsetse fly - manifests in encephalitis "African sleeping sickness"
36
What are the characteristics of Naegleria/ameba?
- infect tissue - swim in fresh water - occurs in the US - can have WBC in stools
37
What are the characteristics of Giardia lamblia?
- distinct structure - raised and ghost like - spread fecal-oral - causes chronic diarrhea - treated with metronidazole
38
What are the characteristics of Cryptosporidum?
- causes chronic diarrhea - diagnosed with an acid-fast stain of a stool sample - treatment is Nitazoxanide
39
What are the characteristics of Cyclospora cayetanensis?
- resembles cryptosporidium - transmitted in contaminated food and water - treatment TMX-SMX
40
What are the characteristics of Trichomonas vaginalis?
- passed by sexual transmission - very motile organism - results in a frothy discharge (vaginitis) - treatment Metronidazole
41
What are cutaneous larva migrans?
- protazoa that are normally in animals that infect the skin of humans
42
What is the common name for nematodes?
- Roundworms ( Ascaris, Enterobius, Trichuris, Hookworms, Strongyloides)
43
What is the common name for cestodes?
- Tapeworms (Taenia and Diphyllobothrium)
44
What is the treatment for nematodes?
- Abendazole | - Ivermectin (Strongyloides only)
45
What are the characteristics of Ascaris?
- Helminth - intestinal roundworm - larvae move from lymph to lungs to trachea and then to intestine - worms mature in intestines - eggs can be seen in stools
46
What are the characteristics of Enterobius?
- "pinworm" - Helminth - intestinal roundworm - female lays eggs on rectal skin at night - fecal-oral transmission
47
What are the characteristics of Trichuris trichiura?
- "Whip worm" - Helminth - intestinal roundworm - worm matures in colon - causes diarrhea and rectal prolapse - fecal-oral transmission
48
What are the characteristics of Necator americanus?
- Hook worm - Helminth Intestinal roundworm - larvae penetrate skin and travel to lymphatics then to lung and when coughed up is swallowed and then infects intestine
49
What are the characteristics of Strongyloides?
- Threadworm - Helminth intestinal roundworm - larvae penetrate skin and travel to lymphatics then to lung and when coughed up is swallowed and then infects intestine - Elevated eosinoplia
50
What are the different tapeworms?
- taenia saginata (beef) - nausea - Taenia solium (pork) - cysticercosis in brain - Diphyllobothrium latum (fish) - competes for B12
51
What is the treatment for tapeworms?
- Prazequantel | - Albendazole
52
What are the characteristics of Trichenella spiralis?
- Helminth - tissue and blood by ingestion - cysts will hatch in intestine and migrate to muscle - transmitted in undercoked meats
53
What are the characteristics of Echinococcosis?
- Helminth - tissue and blood by ingestion - forms hydatid cysts - transmission - eggs in dogs feces - concern is the dispersal during surgery - treatment is to aspirate and remove cysts
54
WHat are the characteristics of schistosomiasis?
- Helminth - skin entry - zoonitic transmission - snails and fresh water - can cause puritic rash, serum sickness and eosinophilic granulomas - treatment - Praziquantel and anti-inflammatories - distribution - mainly Africa
55
What are the structural specifics of shistosomiasis species?
- S. mansoni - large lateral spine - S. haematobium - large terminal spine - S. japonicum - small spine
56
What is the schistosoma life cycle?
- invades snail and develops - released into water from snail and pentrates human skin - matures and lays eggs in skin - human defecates into water and eggs hatch and invade snail
57
What are the characteristics of bird schistosoma?
- invades human skin but does not mature so it dies and causes irritation
58
How is elephantiasis produced?
- wachereria bancrofti parasite invades the lymphatics and clogs the flow resulting in severe edema - spread by masquito bites
59
How is onchocerciasis produced?
- spread by black fly bites (onchocerca volvulus parasite) | - River blindness - effects anterior chamber
60
What are the five principles of zoonotic diseases?
- vector specificity - limited distribution - often intracellular - cannot live out of cell - not transmitted person-person
61
What are some general characteristics of ticks?
- humans are dead end hosts - embedded part of tick causes granuloma - removal of tick can cure some toxic effect - are most likely biting during mid-spring to mid summer
62
What are the characteristics of colorado tick fever?
- most prominent in Colorado and Utah - causes a biphasic fever, low WBC and platlets - can cause encephalitis
63
What are five characteristics of rickettsial diseases?
- obligate intracellular - penicillin resistant - humans are dead end organism - serologic diagnosis is limited because of specificity - grouped into spotted fevers and typhus
64
Discuss Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
- Rickettsiae rickettsii - mostly seen in E. US and Missouri - causes fever, headache and rash - seen with immunofluorescent biopsy - treated with doxycycline
65
What are the differences between ehrlichiosis/anaplasmosis and RMSF?
- no rash in ehrlichiosis/anaplasmosis
66
What are the characteristics of Lyme disease?
- Rash initially and can manifest to arthritis and neurologic/heart conditions - found in NE US and Wisconsin/Minnesota
67
What are the characteristics of Yellow fever?
- transmitted by the aedes mosquito (usually bite during day) - Flavivirus - Distribution - central Africa and north half of S. America - Vaccine for travelers but prevent mosquito bites
68
What are ways to prevent mosquito bites?
- screen beds - long sleeved clothes - DEET - plan your activity time
69
What are the characteristics of Dengue fever?
- transmitted by aedes mosquito - Flavivirus - Distribution - along the equator - usually self limited but includes musculoskeletal pain - can lead to a hemorrhagic fever/shock
70
What are the characteristics of West Nile?
- small percentage of ppl infected are symptomatic - can be a neuroinvasive disease (encephalitis) - transmitted by the culex mosquito - Flavivirus
71
What are the characteristics of Bartonellosis?
- caused by bartonellosis bacilliformis - "cat scratch disease" - transmitted by sandflies and kittens - seen in the Andean valley
72
What are the characteristics of Yersinia pestis?
- painful lymphadenopathy - SW US - transmitted by fleas - treated with doxycycline
73
What are the characteristics of Mycobacterium marinum?
- causes severe cellulitis | - transmitted by saltwater fish

Exam #3 (9 decks)

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