parasites

Question 1

name the different types of host

Answer 1

paratenic (harbours the parasite without it further developing)
definitive (harbours the adult stage of the parasite, or the parasite uses it for sexual reprod)
intermediate (harbours the asexual/ larval stage)

Question 2

name the types of helminths

Answer 2

platyhelminths

nematodes

Question 3

are helminths macro or microparasites?

Answer 3

macrooooo

Question 4

name the types of platyhelminth

plaits are toady….

Answer 4

cestodes = tape worms
trematodes = flukes
are FLATWORMS

Question 5

name the types of nematodes

Answer 5

intestinal nematodes
tissue nematodes
are ROUNDWORMS

Question 6

an INTESTINAL NEMATODE
caused by ascaris lumbricoides
areas of poor hygiene, young children… as acquired by ingesting eggs. in the intestinal phase, get malnutrition, malab, migration (to the hepatobiliary tree and pancreas), intestinal obstruction.
If it migrates to the lungs, LOEFLLERS SYNDROME (dry cough, dypsnoea, wheeze, haemoptysis, eosinophilic pneumonitis).

Answer 6

ascariasis

Question 7

what is the treatment for ascariasis

Answer 7

albendazole (stops worm absorbing glucose)

Question 8

a TREMATODE (type of platyhelminths)
common species = s. haematobium, s. mansoni, s. intercallatum, s. japonicum, s. mehongi.
causes chronic disease –> bladder cancer and liver cirrhosis!
causes swimmers itch, katayana fever, chronic schistosoma, eggs –> distant sites (heart and lungs)

Answer 8

schistosomiasis / ‘bilharzia’

Question 9

what is the life cycle of the schistosoma genus ?

Answer 9

flukes sexually reproduce in human instesine –> excreted –> larvae from faeces infect snails –> asexual reproduction occurs –> skin penetration in humans

Question 10

what is the urinary species of schistosoma?

Answer 10

s. haematobium

causes haematuria, bladder fibrosis, squamous cell CA of the bladder

Question 11

what are the hepatic/ intestinal species of schistosoma ?

Answer 11

s. mansoni, s. intercallatum, s. japonicum, s. mekongi.

causes portal hypertension, liver cirrhosis, abdo pain, hepatosplenomegaly

Question 12

how do you diagnose schistosoma?

Answer 12

stream microscopy + serology if urinary

stool microscopy for hepatic/ intestinal

Question 13

how do you treat schistosoma?

Answer 13

praziquantel (increases ionic permeability of tetanic contraction)
= well absorbed and metabolites are excreted in urine

Question 14

caused by echiococcus sp.
a CESTODE (platyhelminth).
definitive host = dog. intermediate host = sheep, goats, swine. –> humans become accidental hosts when they ingest contaminated meat.
causes cysts in liver and lungs, secondary bacterial infections, sometimes asymp, hypersensitivity if cysts rupture,

Answer 14

hyatid disease

Question 15

how would you diagnose hyatid disease?

Answer 15

imaging and serology

Question 16

what are the types of protozoa?

Answer 16

flagellates, amoeboids, sporotzoans, trypanosome

Question 17

what are the main species of the plasmodium genus?

Answer 17

p. falciparum (70% malarias)
p. vivax
p. ovale
p. malariae

Question 18

life cycle = anopheles mosquito –> injects gametes into human blood –> liver –> mosquito
symptoms = rupture RBCs, blocks capps, inflamm and fever, rigors, CEREBRAL MALARIA (confusion, headache), renal failure, hypoglycaemia, pulm oedema, circulatory collapse, bleeding, DIC

Answer 18

malaria

always suspect if returning traveller and fever

Question 19

how would you diagnose malaria?

Answer 19

microscopy, serology, PCR (malaria DNA)

Question 20

treatment of malara?

Answer 20

antimalarials like chloroquine + primaquine if not p. falciparum.
if falciparum, then oral/ IV quinine
supportive therapy for complications

Question 21

a sporotzoan.
caused by cryptosporidium pavum/ hominus.
watery diarrhoea, faecal-oral spread by either other humans or animals, worldwide distribution.
7 day incubation.
bloating, fever, cramps, vomiting
SELF LIMITING but can be very severe in immuno comp (or very old/ young).
people most at risk = elderly/ childcare workers, swimming pool users, backpackers, consumers of infected dairy.

Answer 21

cryptosporidosis

cryptic diarrhoea….

Question 22

how would you diagnose cryptosporidosis?

Answer 22

faeces, acid fast staining, EIA detects Ag

Question 23

what is the treatment for cryptosporidosis?

Answer 23

treat symptoms
treat immunocomp with paromycin to kill parasite
nitazoxanide + octreotide to decrease cramps
HAART for HIV

Question 24

a flagellate
caused by trichomonas vaginalis
sexually transmitted!
incubation 5-28 days.
men are asymptomatic!
women: smelly vaginal discharge, dysuria, lower abdo pain
punctuate haemorrhage on cervix –> strawberry cervix
lives in vaginal/ prostatic secretions in urine
diagnose w genital sample

Answer 24

trichomoniasis

tricky vagina

Question 25

how would you treat trichomoniasis ?

Answer 25

metronidazole (+ to partner)

Question 26

a flagellate 
giardia intestinalis is the cause 
faecal-oral spread 
spectrum of symptoms: can be asymptomatic, or severe diarrhoea and malabsorption. nausea, vomiting.
diagnose by stool microscopy. 
treatment = metronidazole/ tinidazole

Answer 26

giardiasis