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IPAP Micro Chance > Parasites > Flashcards

Parasites Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

Define Symbiosis

A

Two ornagism of different species living together

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2
Q

Commensalism

A

Symbiotic relationship in which the parasite is benefited and the host is neither benefited nor harmed

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3
Q

Mutualism

A

Both parasite and host are benefited

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4
Q

Parasitism

A

Symbiotic relationship in which one organism, the parasite, is metabolically dependent on another organism, the host, the may or may not be harmed in this relationship

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5
Q

Pathogentic Parasite

A

Parasite that harms the host

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6
Q

Facultative parasite

A

Normal free living organism but may become an opportunistic parasite

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7
Q

Obligatory parasite

A

Cannot survive in a free living state

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8
Q

Endoparasite

A

A parasite living inside the host

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9
Q

Ectoparasite

A

A parasite living on the external surface of the host

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10
Q

Host

A

Any living organism, animal, plant that harbors or nourishes another organism

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11
Q

Definitive Host

A

The host that harbors the adult or sexually reproducing stages of a parasite

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12
Q

Intermediate Host

A

Host which harbors the immature, larval, or asexually reproducing froms of a parasite

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13
Q

Reservior Host

A

Host which replaces man in the life cycle of the parasite

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14
Q

Paratenic Host

A

A host that serves as a transport host in which the parasitic forms undergo no development, but passes on to the final host

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15
Q

Life Cycle

A

Process of a parasites growth, development and production which proceeds in one or more different host depending at the species of parasites

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16
Q

Infective stage

A

A stage when a parasite can invade human body and live in it

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17
Q

Infective mode

A

How the parasite enters the body

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18
Q

Vector

A

Carrier, usually arthropod which transmits and infective form of the parasite from host to another

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19
Q

Autoinfection:

A

Reinfection in which the host is its own source of infection from source already present in the body

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20
Q

Route of Ingestion Infection

A

Oral in food, water, arosoles

(a) Remains in gastrointestinal tract
(b) Internal migration to other host organs or systems
(c) migration through other host systems and return to gastrointestinal sites

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21
Q

Active Penetration

A

Usually through host tissues, skin, or mucous membranes

(a) Can remain on or within the epidermis or subcutaneous tissues
(b) Penetrates to other host organs or tissues

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22
Q

What medicinal substances can interfere with examinations of specimens collected?

A

(a) Antacids
(b) Antidiarrheal compounds
(c) Mineral Oil
(D) Antibiotics

Barium sulfate, delay 1-2 weeks
(a) Crystals interfere with detection of organisms

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23
Q

What is one of the most important factors in affecting the diagnosis of specimens?

A

Age of Stool Specimen
Liquid or Diarrheic: 30 min
Soft Stool: 1 hr
Formed: several hrs or longer, should be same day

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24
Q

What is Pinworm Prep-Scotch Tape prep used for?

A

Best method of recovery for pinworm eggs before defication, bathing or dressing in the morning

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25
Enterotest-String Test
- Detects protozoa, helminths, parasites | - String eaten and taped to your check, collects materials from stomach and upper intestine
26
What methods are used to interrupt the lifecycle of parasites?
(a) proper disposal of human and animal waste (b) Purification of drinking water (c) Processing and treatment of food supply (d) Improvement of housing quality (e) Elimination of intermediate hosts or vectors
27
What are 5 examples of damage caused by parasites?
``` Obstruction Host Reactions Lost nutrients Loss of Fluids Dehydration ```
28
What are three characteristics of Fecal Specimen collection?
1) Collected in a clean, wide mouthed containers - Water or urine complicates diagnosis 2) Several Stool Examination are necessary before parasitic infection can be ruled out - 3 collections within 6- 10 days 3) Time factor
29
What are some fecal preservatives?
10% formalin Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Merthiolate-Iodine- Formalin (MIF) Sodium acetate formalin (SAF)
30
Explain- Proglottids, Strobila, Scolex
Proglottids- (segments) forms body Strobila- Chain of proglottids Scolex (head)- differ in number or placement of suckers and presense or absense of hooklets
31
What is the anatomical difference when in labratory diagnosis?
T-solium: 7-13 uterine branches per proglottid | T- Saginata: 12-30
32
What determines Cyctercosis?
Caused by development of cystercerci in various sites
33
What are two characteristics disguised by cystercosis
Cerebral Cystercercosis, Asymptommatic subcutaneous nodules
34
How does the scolex differ between the T-Solium/Sagniata
Solium: 4 muscular shapped suckers, crown of hooklets Saginata: 4 muscular cupped shaped suckers, no crown of hooklets on rostellum
35
Where is Taenia sollium found and its intermediate host?
Worldwide, Pigs
36
What is the Diphyllobothrium?
``` "Fish", Broad tapeworm" Largest human tapeworm Long Lasting (decades) Mostly Asymptomatic Vitamin B12 deficency - If symptoms present (abd discomfort/diarr/vomit/weight loss) ```
37
Explain the structural parts of the Diphyllobothrium?
- Identification through stool - Operculated/Knob on Shell at bottom Scolex - Lance shaped - 2 leaf shaped suckers - Bothra lateral grooves to serve as organ attachment Proglottidis: - Wider than long - Rosette, uterine structure
38
Echinococcus Characteristics
- Hydatid Cyst: slow growing, tumor like, space occupying structure - Brood capsules - Protoscolicies: Tapeworm heads that develop in the brood capsules
39
In its life cycle what are Echinococcus's Hosts?
Definitive Host: (dogs/other canidae) | Intermediate Host: Sheep goats, swine
40
Geographic distribution of Echinococcus granulosus
Worldwide, frequent in rural, grazing where dogs ingest organs from infected animals
41
Geographic distribution of Echinococcus multicularis
Northern Hemisphere, Central Europe, northern parts of Europe Asia, and North America
42
Geographic distribution of Echinococcus vogeli/olgarthrus
Central and South America
43
Clinical Presentation of E.
- Remains silent for years (5-20) | - Involves both hepatic and pulmonary, ruptured cyst produces a lot of stuff
44
Treatment of Cyst Echin.
- Surgical resection is the treatment of choice - May include aspiration with injection of formalin, sewn shut and pouched Prevention: - Wash hands/cooking utensils - Dog control
45
Hymenolepis Nana Characteristics
- Dwarf Tapeworm - Egg Six-hooked embryo - polar filaments - Scolex -four muscular suckers - Crown of hooklets
46
Hymenolepis Diminuta | Characteristics
- Scolex lacks hooklets - Egg - Larger than Nana - Bile Stained - No polar filaments - proglottids overlap each other - Requires "mealworms" - gotten by eating bugs
47
Define: Monoecious, Dioecious
Mono- contains both male and female reprod. in organ or segment Dioecious: Seperate male and female organisms
48
Paragonimus Westermani
- Lung Fluke | - Asia, South America, Africa and India
49
Para. West. Life Cycle
``` Habitat: Lung Intermediate: 1. Snail 2. Crab/Crayfish Resevior: Piscivores (Flesh eating animals) Infective Form: Metacercaria Mode: ingestion ```
50
Lab identification of Para. West.
- Primary: Sputum/Feces
51
Fasciola hepatica
``` Sheep Liver Fluke Patho: 1. Mechanical destruction of liver tissue 2. Fibrosis Treatment: Bithionol or Dehydroemetine Geographical: Worldwide w. sheep ```
52
Fasicola Hepatica Life Cycle
``` Habitat: Bile passages of the liver Intermediate: 1. Snail 2. Fresh Water vegetation Resevior: Herbivores and carnivors Infective Form: Metacercaria Mode: Ingestion ```
53
Fasciolopsis Buski Description
``` Common: Giant Intestinal Fluke 1. Intestinal upset/obstruction 2. Toxemia and inflammation Treatment: Praziquantel, Niclosamide Geographical: Southeast Asia/India ```
54
Fasciolopsis Buski Life Cycle
``` Habitat: Small Intestine Intermediate: 1. Snail 2. Aquatic Vegetation Reservoir: Pigs, Dogs, Rabbits Infective Form: Metacercaria Mode: Ingestion ```
55
Clonorchis Sinensis Description
``` Common: Chinese Liver Fluke Path: - Cirrhosis: bile duct swelling/blockage - Multiple infections Treatment: Praziquantel, Chloroquine, Bithione Geographical: Asia ```
56
Clonorchis Sinensis Life Cycle
``` Habitat: Bile Passages Intermediate: 1. Snail 2. Fish Reservoir: Piscivores Infective: Metacercaria Mode: Ingestion ```
57
Schistosoma Species
``` Common: Blood Fluke Path: Schistosomiasis also as Bilharzia or snail fever Cercarial: - Eosinophilla Toxicity - Abdominal Edema and ascities - Intestinal Ulcerations/necrosis Treatment: - Praziquantel/Oxamniquine - Metrifonate ```
58
Lab Identification of Schistomsoma japonicum
Feces
59
Lab Identification of Schistomsoma mansoni
Feces
60
Lab Identification of Schistomsoma haematobium
Urine
61
Schistosoma Mansoni Description
``` Habitat: Venules of the Large Intestine Common: Manson's Blood Fluke Path: - Abdominal px, cramping, diarrhea, bloody stools - Hepatosplenomegaly ``` Geographic: South/Central America, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Africa
62
Smallpox
- DNA Virus - Synchronous progression Rash-macules-vesicles-pustules -scabs (hand/feet lesions) - Lab: scrape vesicles/pustules - -
63
Measles Virus
- RNA Virus - P2P contact w/respiratory secretion/High contagious - sympt: high fever, cough, rhinitis, red eyes, macropapular rash - 10-12 days after exposure and last 7-10 days - Exposures 4 before 4
64
Candida Albicans
- Yeast - Epid: - Normal Flora of mouth, throat/large intestine/ vagina/skin - opportunistic/can cause major issues in immunocompromised ``` Opportunistic: 1, Oral Thrush 2. Vaginitis 3. Cutaneous 4. Nails (onychomycosis) 5. Chronic oropharyngeal esophogeal candidiasis 6 Systemic: Bronchial/pulmonary Septicemia ```
65
Cryptococcus Neoformans
- Yeast w/ Thick capsule - Inhalation of yeast, affect pulmonary - Effects CNS- Affinity for brain meninges (more common AIDS) - Lab: - India Ink of CSF
66
Microsporum, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton
- Dematophytic Molds - Causes - Scalp Ringworm - Athletes Foot - Jock itch - KOH
67
Sporothrix Schenckii
- "Rose Garden Disease" - Subcutaneous Fungus - Primary Lesions/Secondary Lesions affecting lymph
68
Histoplasma capsulatum
- Spore inhalation from bird droppings (warm, moist soil) - Mississippi and Ohio River Valley - Flu-like, local pulmonary lesions - Macrophages reproduction <1 - Lab: Sputum, biposy and scrapping of lesion
69
Coccidioides Immitis
- Inhalation of spores - Semi-arid (hot dry, alkaline soil ) - San Joaquin Valley Fever, Valley Fever, Desert fever - Pulmonary Lesions/Flu-like 98% - - Lab: Sputum, biposy and scrapping of lesion
70
Aspergillus
- Inhalation of spores - Creates bronchial mass - Problematic immunosuppressed patients
71
Pneumocystis Jirovecii Pneumonia
- Pneumonia in Immuno-suppressed - Risk increase when CD4 less than 200 - Diagnosis w/ chest x-ray arterial oxy level
72
Transport Time- Routine
within 2 hrs
73
Transport Time- Urine
within 1 hr or refrigerate
74
Transport Time- CSF
immediately
75
Transport Time- Anaerobes
Immediately if not in anaerobic transporter device, otherwise 2 hrs
76
Transport Time- Urethral exudate
Immediate, transport in device
77
Transport Time- Virus Culture
Immediate (lab may freeze)
78
Transport Time- Blood for Ig testing
within 2 hrs
79
Predominant normal flora of respiratory tract
1) alpha and Gamma Streptococcus w/ S. Pneumonia 2) Neisseria Spp (GNDC) 3) Staphylococcus spp (GPC) other than aureus
80
Predominant pathogens of upper respiratory
1) Group A Strep- Pharyngitis 2) Steptococcus Pneumonia-- sinusitis, otis media 3) Haemophilis influenza (children)- Epiglottitis, otis media
81
Predominant pathogens of lower respiratory tract
1) Step Pneumonia- Pneumonia 2) Mycoplasma Pneumonia- Pneumonia 3) Haemophilis influenza- adults
82
Normal Flora of Gastrointestinal Tract
1) Bacteroides spp 2) Enterobacteriaceac 3) Enterococcus
83
Predominant Pathogens of Gastrointestinal Tract
1) Campylobacter jejuni 2) Samonella enteritidis (typhi less frequent) 3) Shigella Species
84
Normal Flora of Skin, wounds and tissue abscesses
1) staphylococcus spp. 2) Corynebacterium spp 3) Propionibacterium spp 4) Candida Albicans
85
Predominant pathogens of Skin, wounds and tissue abscesses
1) Staphylococcus Aureus 2) Group A Streptococcus 3) Escherichia coli
86
Normal Flora of genital tract
Male & female 1) Staphylococcus spp 2) Corynebacterium spp. Female: 1) Various GNB 2) Various Anaerobes 3) Streotococci
87
Predominant Pathogens (STD) of genital tract
1) chlamydia trachonmatis 2) Neisseria Gonorrhoeae 3) Herpes Simplex
88
Predominant pathogens of Urinary Tract
1) Escherichia coli 2) Staphylococcus saphrophyticus 3) Enterococcus spp
89
Predominant pathogens of Blood cultures
1) Staphylococcus aureus (24%) 2) Coag-neg stapylococci (epidermidis) 15% 3) Escherichia coli- 11%
90
Predominant pathogens recovered from CSF
1) Streptococcus Pneumonia (leading in all ages) 2) Neisseria meningitidis (4-30yrs) 3) Haemophilis Influenzae (unvaccinated infants/young children) 4) Enterobacteriacea

IPAP Micro Chance (3 decks)

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