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MOD Final > Parasites & Prions > Flashcards

Parasites & Prions Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 traditional groups of parasites studied in medical microbiology

A
  1. Protozoa (unicellular)
  2. Helminths/Metazoa (multicellular)
  • Roundworms/Nematodes
  • Flatworms/Platyhelminthes
    • Schistosoma (trematodes, blood flukes)
    • Tapeworms (cestodes)
  1. Arthropods (ticks, lice, fleas, mites, etc.)
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2
Q

What are the diahrrhea causing protozoa

A
  1. Entamoeba histolytica
  2. Giardia lamblia
  3. Cryptosporidium
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3
Q

What are the free living amoebae meningoencephalitits causing protozoa

A

Naegleria fowleri

Acanthamoeba

Balamuthia

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4
Q

What diseases are caused by a vector transmitted protozoa

A

Malaria

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5
Q

What protozoa causes a sexually transmitted infection

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

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6
Q

What protozoa causes HIV associated encephalitis, stillbirth (TORCH) and cat associated diseases

A

Toxoplasma gondii

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7
Q

What round worms (nematodes) are involved in intestinal and lung diseases

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

Necator americanus

Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm)

Strongyloides stercoralis (threadworm)

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8
Q

What round worms (Nematodes) are involved in intestinal diseases only

A

Trichuris trichiura (whipworm)

Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)

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9
Q

What round worms (Nematodes) are involved in intestinal and muscle diseases

A

Trichinella spiralis (raw pork)

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10
Q

List the blood and tissue round worms and state which areas of the world they are endemic

A
  1. Wuchereria bancrofti/Brugia malayi: Africa/Southeast Asia (mosquitos–elephantiasis)
  2. Onchocerca volvulus: Africa, Central, tropical areas of South America (black flies – river blindness)
  3. Dracunculus medinensis: Africa, fresh water crustaceans, subcutaneous long worm
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11
Q

List the flatworm (platyhelminthes) blood flukes discussed in lecture, their disease pattern and geographic location

A

1. Schistosoma japonicum: Southeast Asia. Inhabits intestine (inferior mesenteric vein)

2. Schistosoma mansoni: South America/Africa. Inhabits intestine (inferior mesenteric vein)

3. Schistosoma haematobium: Africa. Inhabits bladder (pelvic venous plexus)

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12
Q

List the flatworm (platyhelminthes) tapeworms/cestodes and their general infection route

A

1. Taenia solium: undercooked pork

2. Taenia saginata: undercooked beef

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13
Q

How are many types of parasites diagnosed and how does the test work

A

Ova and parasite test

stool is collected, centrifuged, stained and microscopically examined. The egg or parasite is identified based on shape, size, morphologic characteristics

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14
Q

Entamoeba histolytica

  1. Mode of transmission
  2. Clinical manifestations
A
  1. Fecal-oral transmission (dirty hands or anal oral sex)
  2. Bloody diarrhea, liver abscess causing RUQ pain, fever
    * Need to use stool & serum antigen testing to differentiate from Entamoeba dispair because they both can look identical in stool microscopy*
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15
Q

Giardia lamblia

  1. Mode of transmission
  2. Clinical manifestations
A
  1. Sewage contaminated water and food, rodents and beavers
  2. Fatty, malodorous diarrhea
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16
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum

  1. Mode of transmission
  2. Clinical Manifestations
A
  1. Water related outbreaks (drinking, swimming pools)
  2. Watery diarrhea, Significant wasting in immunocompromised (HIV) due to persistent diarrhea. Acid-fast oocyst in stool
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17
Q

Naegleria fowleri

  1. Mode of transmission
  2. Clinical manifestation
A
  1. Fresh water (lakes, ponds, canals), traumatic implantation of water toward cribiform plate (water skiing, diving)
  2. Acute meningoencephalitis (high fever, mental status changes, seizure, nausea/vomiting, no rash), FATAL (1 w)
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18
Q

Acanthamoeba

  1. Mode of transmission
  2. Clinical manifestation
A
  1. Sterile solutions
  2. Contact kense keratitis, chronic meningiocephalitis in immunocompromised
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19
Q

Balamuthia mandrillaris

  1. Clinical manifestation
A
  1. Skin lesions and chronic meingioencephalitis
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20
Q

Trichomonas Vaginalis

  1. Mode of transmission
  2. Clinical manifestation
A
  1. Sexually transmitted
  2. Malodorous discharge, pruritus, dysuria
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21
Q

What organism causes the most common cause of vaginal complaints in reproductive aged women

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A

Trichomonas vaginalis

22
Q

Toxoplasma gondii

  1. Mode of transmission
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A
  1. Cats are main host. transmitted through their feces
23
Q

What are the reasons to be cautious about Toxoplasma gondii

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A

Pregnant women: TORCH infection, causes congenital abnormalities (eye, CNS) and stillbirth

Immunocompromised (HIV): Encephalitis, choriorentinitis

24
Q

Malaria (Plasmodium species)

  1. Mode of transmission
  2. Geographic location
  3. Clinical manifestations
  4. How is it diagnosed
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A
  1. Transmitted through anopheles mosquito and infects red blood cells (anemia) and the liver
  2. Tropics (especially africa)
  3. Fever, headache, chills, malaise, muscle ache
  4. Peripheral blood smear
25
**Plasmodium falciparum** Clinical manifestations
**Most aggressive and common** species of plasmodium. Can be irregular/continous fever every 48 hours Stick protein that occludes small vessels in the lung and kidney and causes **brain dysfunction (cerebral malaria, seizures, coma, death)**
26
**Plasmodium vivax & ovale** Clinical manifestations
- 48 hour episodic fever interval - Has a latent dormant stage in liver (relapse years later) causing hepatosplenomegaly w/ splenic rupture (rare complication
27
**Plasmodium malariae** Clinical manifestations
72 hour episodic fever interval
28
**Plasmodium knowlesi** Clinical manifestations
In Southeast Asia, can be severe (acute kidney injury, jaundicem respiratory failure)
29
Sickle cell trait and lack of Duffy RBC antigens respectively confer a protective advantage against what organisms
1. Plasmodium falciparum (cause of fatal malaria) 2. Plasmodium vivax & knowlesi
30
31
There's a high incidence of sickle cell trait and Duffy negative amongst what population
Africans and African-Americans
32
What are the characteristics of intestinal roundworms with lung involvement
- Endemic to tropical/subtropical regions - Migrate through lungs during development - Manifest nonspecific pulmonary symptoms - Increased eosionphilia may be present with migration in the lungs
33
**Ascaris Lumbricoides** 1. What organ does it involve 2. Mode of infection 3. Any unique features
1. Lungs & intestine 2. Egg 3. Nope
34
**Necator americanus & Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm)** 1. What organ does it involve 2. Mode of infection 3. Any unique features
1. Lungs & intestine 2. Larvae 3. Cause iron deficiency anemia
35
**Strongyloides stercoralis (threadworm)** 1. What organ does it involve 2. Mode of infection 3. Any unique features
1. Lungs & intestine 2. Larvae 3. Nope
36
**Trichuris trichiura** 1. What organ does it involve 2. Mode of infection 3. Any unique features
1. Intestine only 2. Egg 3. None
37
**Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)** 1. What organ does it involve 2. Mode of infection 3. Any unique features 4. How is it diagnosed
1. Intestine only 2. Eggs 3. Common in children, noturnal perianal itching 4. Scotch tape test
38
**Trichinella spiralis (whipworm)** 1. What organ does it involve 2. Mode of infection 3. Any unique features 4. How is it diagnosed
1. Intestine and muscle 2. Consuming raw pork (larvae - bowel - blood - muscle) 3. Cause myalgia, fever and weakness 4. Muscle biopsy
39
What is the infection route of the Schistosoma species
- Fresh water parasite released from snails - Larvae penetrate skin causing "swimmer's itch" - Migrate to veins of intestine or bladder - Hypersensitivity reaction can occur weeks later
40
**Schistosoma japonicum** 1. Geographic location 2. Involved veins 3. Clinical manifestation
1. East Asia 2. Intestinal, hepatosplenic 3. Abdominal pain, GI bleeding, portal hypertension (varices) w/ splenomegaly
41
**Schistosoma mansoni** 1. Geographic location 2. Involved veins 3. Clinical manifestation
1. Africa and South America 2. Intestinal, hepatosplenic 3. Abdominal pain, GI bleeding, portal hypertension (varices) w/ splenomegaly
42
**Schistosoma haematobium** 1. Geographic location 2. Involved veins 3. Clinical manifestation
1. Africa (Egypt) and Middle East 2. Bladder (can cause bladder cancer) 3. Hematuria (terminal), Dysuria, increased frequency
43
What is the life cycle of Taenia saginata and Taenia solium?
Eggs or pregnant worm ingested by animal --\> moves into muscle --\> humans eat contaminated muscle --\> worms develop then attach to the small intestine
44
Clinical manifestations when Taenia solium (pork tapeworm ) embryonated eggs are directly ingested
Spread into the CNS causing seizures, altered vision, focal neurologic signs. MRI shows numerous fluid filled cysts each contanting a parasite. Cysts can calcify.
45
Explain the pathogenesis of Prion disease and histologic findings
Abnormally folded prions (PRPSC) cause a post translation change in normal folded prions (PRPC) causing them to be abnormal. The abnormal prions accumulate in the brain leading to a disease
46
What are the histologic findings of prion disease
Neuropil develop songiform change (small vacuoles in the brain tissude)
47
How is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease transmitted
Iatrogenic - reused neurosurgical tools with PRPSC proteins on them Variant CJD - eating bovine meat products "mad cow disease"
48
Clinical manifestations of prion disease
FATAL. Progressive dementia, psychiatric symptoms and involuntary movements (muscle spasms). Typically occur years after initial infection in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
49
What is kuru
Ataxia and myoclonus (shaking) symptoms. Discovered in New Guinea as a result of cannibalism of dead
50
What is the result of a sporadic prion mutation
Fatal familial insomnia that progressively worsens & dementia

MOD Final (3 decks)

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