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MOD Final > Parasites & Prions > Flashcards

Parasites & Prions Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 traditional groups of parasites studied in medical microbiology

A
  1. Protozoa (unicellular)
  2. Helminths/Metazoa (multicellular)
  • Roundworms/Nematodes
  • Flatworms/Platyhelminthes
    • Schistosoma (trematodes, blood flukes)
    • Tapeworms (cestodes)
  1. Arthropods (ticks, lice, fleas, mites, etc.)
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2
Q

What are the diahrrhea causing protozoa

A
  1. Entamoeba histolytica
  2. Giardia lamblia
  3. Cryptosporidium
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3
Q

What are the free living amoebae meningoencephalitits causing protozoa

A

Naegleria fowleri

Acanthamoeba

Balamuthia

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4
Q

What diseases are caused by a vector transmitted protozoa

A

Malaria

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5
Q

What protozoa causes a sexually transmitted infection

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

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6
Q

What protozoa causes HIV associated encephalitis, stillbirth (TORCH) and cat associated diseases

A

Toxoplasma gondii

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7
Q

What round worms (nematodes) are involved in intestinal and lung diseases

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

Necator americanus

Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm)

Strongyloides stercoralis (threadworm)

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8
Q

What round worms (Nematodes) are involved in intestinal diseases only

A

Trichuris trichiura (whipworm)

Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)

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9
Q

What round worms (Nematodes) are involved in intestinal and muscle diseases

A

Trichinella spiralis (raw pork)

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10
Q

List the blood and tissue round worms and state which areas of the world they are endemic

A
  1. Wuchereria bancrofti/Brugia malayi: Africa/Southeast Asia (mosquitos–elephantiasis)
  2. Onchocerca volvulus: Africa, Central, tropical areas of South America (black flies – river blindness)
  3. Dracunculus medinensis: Africa, fresh water crustaceans, subcutaneous long worm
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11
Q

List the flatworm (platyhelminthes) blood flukes discussed in lecture, their disease pattern and geographic location

A

1. Schistosoma japonicum: Southeast Asia. Inhabits intestine (inferior mesenteric vein)

2. Schistosoma mansoni: South America/Africa. Inhabits intestine (inferior mesenteric vein)

3. Schistosoma haematobium: Africa. Inhabits bladder (pelvic venous plexus)

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12
Q

List the flatworm (platyhelminthes) tapeworms/cestodes and their general infection route

A

1. Taenia solium: undercooked pork

2. Taenia saginata: undercooked beef

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13
Q

How are many types of parasites diagnosed and how does the test work

A

Ova and parasite test

stool is collected, centrifuged, stained and microscopically examined. The egg or parasite is identified based on shape, size, morphologic characteristics

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14
Q

Entamoeba histolytica

  1. Mode of transmission
  2. Clinical manifestations
A
  1. Fecal-oral transmission (dirty hands or anal oral sex)
  2. Bloody diarrhea, liver abscess causing RUQ pain, fever
    * Need to use stool & serum antigen testing to differentiate from Entamoeba dispair because they both can look identical in stool microscopy*
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15
Q

Giardia lamblia

  1. Mode of transmission
  2. Clinical manifestations
A
  1. Sewage contaminated water and food, rodents and beavers
  2. Fatty, malodorous diarrhea
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16
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum

  1. Mode of transmission
  2. Clinical Manifestations
A
  1. Water related outbreaks (drinking, swimming pools)
  2. Watery diarrhea, Significant wasting in immunocompromised (HIV) due to persistent diarrhea. Acid-fast oocyst in stool
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17
Q

Naegleria fowleri

  1. Mode of transmission
  2. Clinical manifestation
A
  1. Fresh water (lakes, ponds, canals), traumatic implantation of water toward cribiform plate (water skiing, diving)
  2. Acute meningoencephalitis (high fever, mental status changes, seizure, nausea/vomiting, no rash), FATAL (1 w)
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18
Q

Acanthamoeba

  1. Mode of transmission
  2. Clinical manifestation
A
  1. Sterile solutions
  2. Contact kense keratitis, chronic meningiocephalitis in immunocompromised
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19
Q

Balamuthia mandrillaris

  1. Clinical manifestation
A
  1. Skin lesions and chronic meingioencephalitis
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20
Q

Trichomonas Vaginalis

  1. Mode of transmission
  2. Clinical manifestation
A
  1. Sexually transmitted
  2. Malodorous discharge, pruritus, dysuria
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21
Q

What organism causes the most common cause of vaginal complaints in reproductive aged women

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

22
Q

Toxoplasma gondii

  1. Mode of transmission
A
  1. Cats are main host. transmitted through their feces
23
Q

What are the reasons to be cautious about Toxoplasma gondii

A

Pregnant women: TORCH infection, causes congenital abnormalities (eye, CNS) and stillbirth

Immunocompromised (HIV): Encephalitis, choriorentinitis

24
Q

Malaria (Plasmodium species)

  1. Mode of transmission
  2. Geographic location
  3. Clinical manifestations
  4. How is it diagnosed
A
  1. Transmitted through anopheles mosquito and infects red blood cells (anemia) and the liver
  2. Tropics (especially africa)
  3. Fever, headache, chills, malaise, muscle ache
  4. Peripheral blood smear
25
Q

Plasmodium falciparum

Clinical manifestations

A

Most aggressive and common species of plasmodium. Can be irregular/continous fever every 48 hours

Stick protein that occludes small vessels in the lung and kidney and causes brain dysfunction (cerebral malaria, seizures, coma, death)

26
Q

Plasmodium vivax & ovale

Clinical manifestations

A
  • 48 hour episodic fever interval
  • Has a latent dormant stage in liver (relapse years later) causing hepatosplenomegaly w/ splenic rupture (rare complication
27
Q

Plasmodium malariae

Clinical manifestations

A

72 hour episodic fever interval

28
Q

Plasmodium knowlesi

Clinical manifestations

A

In Southeast Asia, can be severe (acute kidney injury, jaundicem respiratory failure)

29
Q

Sickle cell trait and lack of Duffy RBC antigens respectively confer a protective advantage against what organisms

A
  1. Plasmodium falciparum (cause of fatal malaria)
  2. Plasmodium vivax & knowlesi
30
Q
A
31
Q

There’s a high incidence of sickle cell trait and Duffy negative amongst what population

A

Africans and African-Americans

32
Q

What are the characteristics of intestinal roundworms with lung involvement

A
  • Endemic to tropical/subtropical regions
  • Migrate through lungs during development
  • Manifest nonspecific pulmonary symptoms
  • Increased eosionphilia may be present with migration in the lungs
33
Q

Ascaris Lumbricoides

  1. What organ does it involve
  2. Mode of infection
  3. Any unique features
A
  1. Lungs & intestine
  2. Egg
  3. Nope
34
Q

Necator americanus & Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm)

  1. What organ does it involve
  2. Mode of infection
  3. Any unique features
A
  1. Lungs & intestine
  2. Larvae
  3. Cause iron deficiency anemia
35
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis (threadworm)

  1. What organ does it involve
  2. Mode of infection
  3. Any unique features
A
  1. Lungs & intestine
  2. Larvae
  3. Nope
36
Q

Trichuris trichiura

  1. What organ does it involve
  2. Mode of infection
  3. Any unique features
A
  1. Intestine only
  2. Egg
  3. None
37
Q

Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)

  1. What organ does it involve
  2. Mode of infection
  3. Any unique features
  4. How is it diagnosed
A
  1. Intestine only
  2. Eggs
  3. Common in children, noturnal perianal itching
  4. Scotch tape test
38
Q

Trichinella spiralis (whipworm)

  1. What organ does it involve
  2. Mode of infection
  3. Any unique features
  4. How is it diagnosed
A
  1. Intestine and muscle
  2. Consuming raw pork (larvae - bowel - blood - muscle)
  3. Cause myalgia, fever and weakness
  4. Muscle biopsy
39
Q

What is the infection route of the Schistosoma species

A
  • Fresh water parasite released from snails
  • Larvae penetrate skin causing “swimmer’s itch”
  • Migrate to veins of intestine or bladder
  • Hypersensitivity reaction can occur weeks later
40
Q

Schistosoma japonicum

  1. Geographic location
  2. Involved veins
  3. Clinical manifestation
A
  1. East Asia
  2. Intestinal, hepatosplenic
  3. Abdominal pain, GI bleeding, portal hypertension (varices) w/ splenomegaly
41
Q

Schistosoma mansoni

  1. Geographic location
  2. Involved veins
  3. Clinical manifestation
A
  1. Africa and South America
  2. Intestinal, hepatosplenic
  3. Abdominal pain, GI bleeding, portal hypertension (varices) w/ splenomegaly
42
Q

Schistosoma haematobium

  1. Geographic location
  2. Involved veins
  3. Clinical manifestation
A
  1. Africa (Egypt) and Middle East
  2. Bladder (can cause bladder cancer)
  3. Hematuria (terminal), Dysuria, increased frequency
43
Q

What is the life cycle of Taenia saginata and Taenia solium?

A

Eggs or pregnant worm ingested by animal –> moves into muscle –> humans eat contaminated muscle –> worms develop then attach to the small intestine

44
Q

Clinical manifestations when Taenia solium (pork tapeworm ) embryonated eggs are directly ingested

A

Spread into the CNS causing seizures, altered vision, focal neurologic signs.

MRI shows numerous fluid filled cysts each contanting a parasite. Cysts can calcify.

45
Q

Explain the pathogenesis of Prion disease and histologic findings

A

Abnormally folded prions (PRPSC) cause a post translation change in normal folded prions (PRPC) causing them to be abnormal. The abnormal prions accumulate in the brain leading to a disease

46
Q

What are the histologic findings of prion disease

A

Neuropil develop songiform change (small vacuoles in the brain tissude)

47
Q

How is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease transmitted

A

Iatrogenic - reused neurosurgical tools with PRPSC proteins on them

Variant CJD - eating bovine meat products “mad cow disease”

48
Q

Clinical manifestations of prion disease

A

FATAL. Progressive dementia, psychiatric symptoms and involuntary movements (muscle spasms). Typically occur years after initial infection in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

49
Q

What is kuru

A

Ataxia and myoclonus (shaking) symptoms. Discovered in New Guinea as a result of cannibalism of dead

50
Q

What is the result of a sporadic prion mutation

A

Fatal familial insomnia that progressively worsens & dementia

MOD Final (3 decks)

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