Parasites pt 2 Toxoplasmosis - Leishmaniasis

Question 1

Toxoplasma gondii: transmission

Answer 1

ingestion of oocysts in raw pork
inhalation of oocysts

inhalation of oocysts from cat feces

congenital: if a pregnant women is exposed to taxoplasma for the very first time, because she hasnt produced antibodies. she can pass to fetus. TORCHS

Question 2

Toxoplasma gondii: morphology

Answer 2

oocysts is infectious

trophozoites

Question 3

toxoplasma gondii: clinical findings

Answer 3

congenitally aquired (Torches)

results in still birth or live birth with symptoms early or later.

immunocompromised patietns disseminated infection with may include: encephalitis presenting as a brain mass. chorioetinitis. hepatosplenomegaly+lymphadenopathy
pneumonia

Question 4

outcomes for child acquiring Toxoplasmosis transplacentally

Answer 4

chorioretinitis, blindness, seizures, mental retardation, microcephaly.

normal children may develop reactivation in adolescents– can lead to blindness.

Question 5

Dignosis of Toxoplasmosis gondii

Answer 5

serology: high IgM and IgG
radiology: CT scan showing contrast enhancing mass in the brain
examination of the retina revealing retinal inflammation

Question 6

what kind of microbe of T. gondii?

Answer 6

obligate intracellular parasites

Question 7

Pneumocystis carinii: transmission

Answer 7

acquired early age via respiratory route. remains latent in normal host.

85% of children have had exposure asymptomatically. lives comfortably in people with intact immune systems. in AIDS and immunocompromised patients, it can multiply in the lungs and cause severe interstitial pneumonia

Question 8

Penumocystis carinii: morphology

Answer 8

flying saucer appearing fungus in alveolar lung secretions (sputum samples)

Question 9

pneumocystitis carinii: clinical findings

Answer 9

PCP interstitital pneumonia: fever, dry/unproductive cough. Most common opportunistic infection in patients with AIDS. 15% change of infection/year in AIDs patients. 80% lifetime risk without prophylactic therapy.

Question 10

Pneumocystitis carinii: diagnosis

Answer 10

silver staining
flying saucer appearing fungi in saline induced sputum
brconhoalveolar lavage with bronchoscope. bronchial wall biopsy with bronchoscope. X-ray: find an interstitial pneumonia with diffuse infiltrates.

Question 11

when are aids patients susceptible to pneumocystis carinii?

Answer 11

when their CD4 count is less than 200.

Question 12

Plasmodium falciparum: episodes of chills and fevers

Answer 12

continuous

Question 13

Plasmodium falciparum: continual reproduction in the liver?

Answer 13

no

Question 14

Plasmodium falciparum: anemia?

Answer 14

yes

Question 15

Plasmodium falciparum: sever clinical manifestations?

Answer 15

yes: brain and kidney

Question 16

Plasmodium falciparum: chloroquine sensitivity?

Answer 16

no except in central america

Question 17

Plasmodium vivax and ovale: episodes of fever and chills?

Answer 17

at 48 hr intervals

Question 18

Plasmodium vivax and ovale: continual reproduction in the liver?

Answer 18

yes!!!!!!!

Question 19

Plasmodium vivax and ovale: anemia?

Answer 19

yes

Question 20

Plasmodium vivax and ovale: severe clinical manifestations

Answer 20

no

Question 21

Plasmodium Malariae: fever and chills?

Answer 21

every 72 hrs

Question 22

Plasmodium Malariae: continual reproduction in the liver?

Answer 22

no

Question 23

Plasmodium Malariae: anemia?

Answer 23

yes

Question 24

Plasmodium Malariae: severe clinical manifestations?

Answer 24

no

Question 25

Plasmodium knowlesi: chills and fever?

Answer 25

not know

Question 26

Plasmodium knowlesi: continual reproduction in the liver?

Answer 26

no

Question 27

Plasmodium knowlesi: anemia?

Answer 27

yes

Question 28

Plasmodium knowlesi: severe clinical manifestations

Answer 28

yes

Question 29

plasmodium: transmission

Answer 29

anopheles mosquito

Question 30

plasmodium: morphology

Answer 30

several forms in life cycle. "hypnozoite stage" dormain form that hangs out in the liver

Question 31

plasmodium: clinical findings: vivax and ovale

Answer 31

every 48 hrs --> chills/fevers "tertian malaria" | hepatosplenomegaly caused by "duffy a" and "b" antigens

Question 32

plasmodium: clinical finding: Malariae

Answer 32

Quartan malaria: sweating/chills/fever every 72 hrs.

Question 33

Diagnosis of Plasmodium

Answer 33

blood smears: trophozoites "diamind ring shape"

Question 34

Babesia Microti: transmission

Answer 34

ixodes scapularis, the tick

Question 35

babesia microti: morphology

Answer 35

sporozoites from tick cause infection | sporozoites mature into trophozoites in humans and infect the RBCs

Question 36

babesia microti: clinical findings

Answer 36

immunocompetent ppl: asymptomatic | immunocompromised ppl: anemia due to hemolysis, fatigue, and protracted course

Question 37

babesia microti: diagnosis

Answer 37

blood smear, PCR, serology "classic maltese cross" on blood smear. patients may be co infected with lyme disease

Question 38

Leishmania: mode of tranmission

Answer 38

sandfly bite, contaminated blood transfusion, zoonotic: carried by rodents, dogs, foxes.

Question 39

LEishmania: morphology

Answer 39

Promastigote: flagellated (inside the sandfly). Amastigote: instracellular and nonflagellated (inside phagocytic cells of reticuloendothelial systems.

Question 40

Leishmania: clinical findings

Answer 40

cutaneous leishmaniasis- single ulcer at site of sandfly bite (oriental sore). diffuse cutaneous: nodules at bite site (which do not ulcerate, especially near nose. can last up to 20 yrs without treatment mucocutaneous: ulcers appear on mucous membranes after first ulcer at bite site heals. ulcers erode the nasal septum, soft palate, and lips. can last 20-40 ys. visceral: leishmaniasis (kala-azar): comon in young, malnourished children. fever, anorexia, weight loss, and abdominal swelling from hepatomegalgy and massive splenomegaly. often fatal.

Question 41

which Leishmania has massive splenomegaly?

Answer 41

L. Donovani

Question 42

In whom will diffuse cutaneous leighmaniasis occur?

Answer 42

ppl with immunocompromised situations, malnurished ppl etc because they dont have cell mediated immune response, L. skin test is negative

Question 43

how is a diagnosis of leishmaniasis made with those exhibiting mucocutaneous and cutaneous lesions?

Answer 43

mucocutaneous: skin scrapings cutaneous: Leishmania skin test. cell mediated immunity

Question 44

Trypanosoma rhodesiense/gambiense: tranmission

Answer 44

TseTse fly. Following bite, flagellated form of these two organisms called Tryptomastigote spread via persons bloodstrewam to LNs and CNS

Question 45

Trypanosoma R/G: clinical manifestations

Answer 45

red painful skin ulcer that heals within 2 weeks. Systemic spread--> fever, headaches, dizziness and LN swelling. --> fever abates --> fever resumes --> fever abates . CNS symptoms develop, drowsiness in the daytime, sleeping sickness) behavior changes, difficulty with walking, slurred speech, finally coma and death.

Question 46

what's the big "pattern" in African sleeping sickness?

Answer 46

intermittent fevers followed by CNS problems, sleepiness, ataxia, slurred speech, coma and death.

Question 47

T. Brucei Gambiense is also called

Answer 47

West African Sleeping sickness notable for slowly proressing fevers, wasting, late neuro symptoms.

Question 48

T. brucei rhodesiense is also called

Answer 48

East African Sleeping sickness. similar to west african variety but more severe. death occurs within weeks to months. rapid progression from recurrent fevers to early neurologic disease

Question 49

Amastigotes

Answer 49

rounded cells without flagella (both trypanosoma and leishmania)

Question 50

promastigotes, epimastiogtes, tryppmastigotes

Answer 50

flagellated motile forms (both trypanosoma and leishmania)