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notes to flashcards year 2 - MCD > parasitic infection > Flashcards

parasitic infection Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

define infection

A

invasion by and growth of pathogenic microorganisms

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2
Q

define parasite and what are the 2 types?

A
  • organism living on/in host
  • dependent on host’s function so causes damage
  • types: endoparasites and exoparasites
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3
Q

what are the 2 categories of endoparasites? examples of each

A
  • protozoa: amoeba, cocciidia, ciliate, flagellates

- metazoa: roundworms, flatworms, flukes

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4
Q

describe the features of protozoa

A
  • single celled organisms
  • eukaryotic
  • causes of pathogenesis varies
  • no eosinophilia
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5
Q

describe the features of metazoa

A
  • free living
  • have intermediate hosts and vectors
  • eosinophila if invade blood
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6
Q

what are the forms of amoebae?

A
  • entamoeba histolytica (pathogenic in 10% cases)

- entamoeba dispar (normal commensal of GIT)

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7
Q

how does amoebae infection occur?

A

by ingestion of mature cycts in food/water/ on hands

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8
Q

what is the life cycle of amoebae?

A
  • humans only reservoir
  • cysts enters SI and release parasites
  • invade epithelial cells and cause ulcers
  • infection spreads via venous system
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9
Q

how do you diagnose and treat amoebae?

A
  • wet mount (microscopy of cysts)

- treatment: nitroimidazole

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10
Q

state the 3 organisms and diseases caused by coccidia

A
  • plasmodium species (malaria)
  • toxoplasma (toxoplasmosis)
  • crytposporidium (diarrhoea)
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11
Q

what are the 2 hosts of plasmodium?

A

human and female anopheles’ mosquito

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12
Q

what are the 2 stages of plasmodium in humans?

A
  • liver

- blood

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13
Q

what are the symptoms of malaria?

A
  • fever
  • headache
  • chills
  • emesis
  • myalgia
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14
Q

what are the complications of malaria?

A
  • severe anaemia

- cerebral malaria

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15
Q

how do you diagnose malaria?

A

blood film

antigen detection tests

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16
Q

who does toxoplasmosis affect?

A
  • mile disease in immunocompromised

- major for pregnancy

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17
Q

what is toxoplasmosis caused by?

A
  • infected food
  • blood transfusion
  • organ transplantation
  • trans-placentally to foetus
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18
Q

what are the symptoms of cryptosporidium?

A
  • diarrhoea
  • fever
  • nausea
  • emesis
  • very common in HIV pt
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19
Q

what is the diagnosis and treatment in cryptosporidium?

A
  • stool exam

- fluid rehydration

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20
Q

name a ciliate organism and the associated disease

A

balantidum –> balantidiasis

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21
Q

what are the reservoir hosts in balantidum coli?

A
  • pigs
  • rodents
  • primates
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22
Q

what are the symptoms of balantidum coli?

A
  • most asymptomatic

- in immunocompromised people = persistent diarrhoea, dysentery, abdo pain, weight loss, nausea

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23
Q

Flagellates: state organisms and associated disease

A
  • giardia lambia –> giardiasis
  • trichomonas
  • leishmania (sand fly vector)
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24
Q

what are the symptoms of giardiasis?

25
how is trichomonas transmitted?
sexually
26
what effect does trichomonas have on HIV?
- may enhance HIV risk
27
what are the symptoms of trichomonas?
- females: 10-50% asymptomatic (vaginal discharge, vulval itching, dysuria) - males: 15-50% asymptomatic (discharge and dysuria)
28
how do you diagnose and treat trichomonas?
- microscopy | - metronidazole
29
describe the features of metazoan/helminths?
- multicellular | - cycles involve insect vectors and intermediate hosts
30
can adult worms multiply in man?
no
31
in what subset are helminths a burden in?
school aged children | massive effect on child development
32
what are the different types of worms?
- roundworms/ nematodes (ascaris, hookworm, filaria) - flatworms/ cestodes (taenia, tapeworms) - flukes/ trematodes (schistosoma)
33
what is the life cycle of ascariasis?
- live in SI and eggs are passed with faeces - after infective eggs are swallowed, hatch and invade intestinal mucosa - carried via portal and systemic circulation to lungs - larvae mature in lugs and ascend and swallowed - when reach SI, develop into adults
34
what are the symptoms of ascariasis?
- asymptomatic - abdo pain - intestinal obstruction - adults feed on SI content = malnourishment - penetration to lungs = Loeffler's pneumonia
35
what is the diagnosis and treatment of ascariasis?
- stool exam | - albendazole, mebendazole
36
what is the hookworm life cycle?
- larvae carried through circulatory system to heart, then lungs - penetrate alveoli - ascend to be swallowed - reach SI to mature - in SI, attach to lumen and cause localised bleeding
37
what are the symptoms of hookworm?
- iron def anaemia - cardiac complications - local skin mainfestations - resp symptoms
38
what is the diagnosis and treatment of hookworm?
- stool exam | - albendazole, mebendazole
39
what is the biological name of whipworm?
trichuris trichiura
40
what is the lifecycle of whipworm?
- eggs hatch in SI - release larvae to mature in colon - adults live in caecum and asc colon - worms leave open wounds that cause inflammation of intestinal wall
41
what are the symptoms of whipworm?
- bloody diarrhoea | - anaemia
42
what is the diagnosis and treatment of whipworm?
- stool exam | - albendazole/ mebendazole
43
what are the 2 main types of lymphatic filariasis?
- brugia malayi | - wucheria bancrofti
44
what are the symptoms of these?
- causes elephantiasis when block lymphatic systems - microfilariae are found in peripheral blood - day = deep veins, night = peripheral circulation
45
how do you diagnose it?
- blood smear | - ELISA
46
what is loiasis?
- metazoa - roundworms/nematodes - causes loa loa - can get into eye
47
what is the life cycle of loiasis?
- females migrate through SC tissues and may cross front of eye - microfilariae circulate in blood - here can be picked up by Chrysops - in gut of fly, larvae mature into ineffective third stage larvae - larvae infect next host when chrysops take a blood meal
48
what disease does tapeworm cause?
- taenia humans only definitive host for: - taenia solium, taenia asciatica - taenia saginta
49
what are the symptoms of tapeworm?
- most asymptomatic - T. saginata often experience more symptoms = abdo pain, loss of appetite, weight loss, upset stomach - T. solium = cysticerosis
50
how do you diagnose and treat tapewrom?
- tapeworm segments in stool - identification of eggs in stool - treatment: praziquantel
51
what are 3 main types of schistosomiasis?
- schistosoma mansoni: eggs to SI - schistosoma haematobium: eggs to bladder and ureter - schistosoma japonicum: eggs to SI
52
what is the life cycle of schistosomiasis?
- eggs eliminated in water - these hatch and release miricidia (penetrates snail) - snails release cercariae that penetrate skin - they then migrate to different tissues - transform into adults and females which reside in venules - eggs move towards lumen of SI (m and j) or bladder/ureters (h)
53
what are the symptoms?
- days: rash/itchy skin - months: fever, chills, cough, myalgia - repeated infection in children can cause anaemia, malnutrition and learning difficulties
54
how do you diagnose and treat?
- stool/urine exam | - praziquantel
55
what does scabies cause?
sarcoptes scabei and live
56
what are the symptoms and treatment of scabies?
- rash and burrows presence | - treatment: scabicides
57
what are the types of lice?
- pediculus humanis corporis (body louse) - pediculus humanis capitis (head louse) - pthirus pubis (crab louse of pubic area)
58
what is the life cycle of lice?
- exist in 3 stages (eggs, nymphs, adults) | - transmission by direct contact

notes to flashcards year 2 - MCD (24 decks)

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