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ASC305 > Parasitic protozoa 2 > Flashcards

Parasitic protozoa 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the apicoplexa also known as?

A

sporozoa

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2
Q

What are the 2 main divisions of apicomplexa?

A

Eimeriida (Coccidia) & Piroplasms

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3
Q

Where are coccidians/piroplasms usually found?

A

coccidians: tissues - mostly digestive
piroplasms: circulatory system

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4
Q

List the 3 Coccidian diseases…

A
  • Coccidiosis (Eimera spp)
  • Cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium spp)
  • Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)
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5
Q

List the 3 Piroplasms diseases…

A
  • Babesiosis (Babesia spp)
  • Theileriosis (Theileria spp)
  • Malaria (Plasmodium spp)
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6
Q

T or F - Eimeria is zoonotic

A

false

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7
Q

How many species of Eimeria in chickens? What is the most common & most pathogenic?

A

7 - E. tenella

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8
Q

Lifecycle of Eimera… (its a big one!)

A

Start: Sporogony (environment): mature oocyst -> sporulated oocyst (infective) -> sporocysts with sporozoites (8 total) -> swallowed by chook -> enters gut (lamina propria) Merogony (inside host): meront -> merozoites -> Gamogony: merozoites -> macrogametes (f) & microgametes (m) -> fertilisation -> developing oocyst -> excreted in faeces -> sporulation occurs outside host (in environment) & requires several days & oxygen -> cycle repeats…

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9
Q

Clinical signs of chicken Eimeria…

A 
decreased weight gain
emaciation
malabsorption of nutrients thru gut wall
increased FCR
death
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10
Q

Chicken Eimeria diagnosis…

A
  1. farm history
  2. clinical exam
  3. post-mortem
  4. microscopic exam
  5. scraping of intestinal mucosa -> schizonts (meronts)
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11
Q

Species diagnosis of chicken Eimeria…3 largest & highest pathogenicity?

A

E. maxima ~23 - 39um (largest)
E. brunetti ~20 - 29um (2nd largest)
E. tenella ~19 - 23um (most pathogenic)

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12
Q

Chicken Eimeria control & prevention…

A
  • vax in 1st week
  • oocysts require warm & moist cond’s for sporulation thus, good management to keep areas clean & dry
  • do not overstock
  • anticoxidials
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13
Q

Is Toxoplasma gondii extra- or intracellular?

A

intracellular - can infect any nucleated cell in mammals & birds

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14
Q

T or F - Toxoplasma gondii is the 2nd most widely dispersed eukaryote on earth

A

false - THE MOST widely dispersed eukaryote on earth!

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15
Q

Characteristics of Toxoplasma gondii…

A
  • causes strange personality changes (eg. women -> increased friends & relationships; men -> increased aggression & jealous)
  • major significance is zoonosis -> abortion or hydranencephaly in children
  • significant cause of abortion in sheep
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16
Q

Life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii…

A

Same as chicken Eimeria but with many intermediate hosts (pig, man, cow, sheep, mouse, bird) definitive AND intermediate host - cat plus several transport hosts (flies, cockroaches, worms)

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17
Q

What are the diagnostic/infective stages of Toxoplasma gondii?

A

diagnostic - tissue cysts & tachyzoites in foetus
infective - fecal cysts ingested by mice & birds; fecal cysts contaminating food & water; tissue cysts eaten by humans (sheep & pork); blood transfusions

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18
Q

Re: life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii… asexual repro occurs where?

A

intermediate hosts

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19
Q

Re: life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii… asexual & sexual repro occurs where?

A

cat intestine

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20
Q

Re: life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii…oocysts undergo what? Where?

A

sporulation in the faeces

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21
Q

T or F - oocysts are resistant in the environment

A

true

22
Q

How is Toxoplasma gondii transmitted?

A

eating (oral ingestion via prey or cannibalism) or vertical transmission

23
Q

Re: life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii…how many independent life cycles interlink?

A

2

24
Q

Re: life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii…what determines the efficiency of the life cycle?

A

range of hosts it can infect, efficiency of infection, likelihood of becoming infected

25
Q

Diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii…?

A

In cats - oocysts in cat faeces

In humans - antibodies (infection -> IgG & IgM response)

26
Q

Cryptosporidium infects which animals…?

A

dogs, cats, pigs, rabbits…

27
Q

Is Cryptosporidium zoonotic?

A

yes

28
Q

Cryptosporidium life cycle…

A

sporulated oocyst ingested via inhalation -> sporozoite enters villi of trachea/intestine -> type I Meront -> merozoite -> either returns to villi OR -> type II Meront -> merozoites -> macrogamont & microgamont -> zygote -> either thick-walled sporulated oocyst that exits host OR -> thin-walled sporulated oocyst -> auto-infection -> cycle repeats…

29
Q

Cryptosporidium pathology…

A

villus atrophy
villus fusion
inflam cells -> tracheal/intestinal tissues

30
Q

Cryptosporidium clinical signs…

A

asymptomatic
young animals
immunocompromised
stress due to overcrowding…

31
Q

Cryptosporidium diagnosis…

A

oocysts in faecal samples
direct immunofluorescence
Rapid Ab test
PCR

32
Q

What disease does Plasmodium spp cause?

A

malaria

33
Q

Characteristics of Plasmodium…

A

highly specific for human & mozzies (anopheles)

34
Q

How many people world wide are at risk of malaria?

A

3.3 billion! particularly pregnant women & those in poor areas

35
Q

How many species infect humans?

A

4

36
Q

Life cycle of Plasmodium spp…

A

sporozoite injected into HUMAN with saliva from mozzie -> sporozoite into liver cell -> merogony (hepatic cells) -> merozoites released into RBCs -> merogony (RBCs) -> either back into RBCs OR -> macrogametocyte & microgametocyte -> MOZZIE takes up gametocytes with blood meal -> fertilisation -> ookinete -> into midgut wall of mozzie -> dev into oocyst -> sporogony -> oocyst ruptures -> sporozoites -> salivary gland -> cycle repeats…

37
Q

Is Plasmodium spp non-migratory or migratory?

A

migratory, as it ‘migrates’ from liver to RBCs

38
Q

Re. Plasmodium spp…which host is intermediate/definitive?

A

intermediate - human

definitive - mozzie

39
Q

Symptoms of malaria…

A

fever
anaemia
splenic enlargement
haemorrhage

40
Q

Malaria diagnosis…

A

microscopy - any stage of life cycle
molecular - PCR
patient antibodies

41
Q

Malaria prevention & control…

A 
anti-malaria drugs cause drug resistance 
self protection
PPE
chemical repellents
bed nets
42
Q

When was malaria eradicated in Aus?

A

1981 however we still have the vector

43
Q

What is Babesia?

A

tick fever - cattle

44
Q

babesia life cycle…

A

tick takes blood meal -> sporozoite into host (cow) -> ring form -> merogony -> merozoite -> gamete -> tick takes blood meal -> gamogony -> fertilisation in midgut -> ookinete -> salivary gland -> sporogony -> sporozoites -> cycle repeats…

45
Q

In Babesia, where does merogony/gamogony/sporogony take place?

A

merogony in cow (intermediate host)

gamogony & sporogony in tick (definitive host)

46
Q

Babesia clinical signs…

A 
fever
loss of appetite
depression
weakness 
nervous symptoms...
47
Q

What breeds are most susceptible to Babesia?

A

British & European breeds

48
Q

Define endemic stability and give example

A

When all factors influencing disease occurrence are relatively stable resulting in little fluctuation in disease incidence over time eg. Babesia organisms & cattle ticks present on a property without animal losses or clinical disease

49
Q

Difference in Theileria orientalis’ life cycle to Plasmodium & Babesia?

A

larva -> nymph

50
Q

Theileria orientalis diagnosis?

A

blood samples using EDTA or PCR

51
Q

Theileria orientalis pathology?

A

anaemia

regenerative haematopoiesis

52
Q

Theileria orientalis clinical signs…

A

severe anaemia
lethargy
lack of appetite

ASC305 (3 decks)

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