Parasitology Flashcards
(71 cards)
1
Q
An organism completely depending on another organism (host) for shelter and nourishment.
A
Parasite
2
Q
Eukaryotic, unicellular non-photosynthetic organism. Belong to Kingdom Protista, Domain Eukarya.
A
Protozoans
3
Q
Utilizes pseudopods (false feet) for locomotion. Example: Entamoeba histolytica
A
Amoeba
4
Q
Equipped with whip-like structures called the flagella which aid the parasite in locomotion. Example: Giardia lamblia
A
Flagellates
5
Q
Utilizes hair-like structures called cilia for locomotion. Example: Balantidium coli
A
Ciliates
6
Q
Motile but do not have special organs for locomotion. Example: Plasmodium species
A
Sporozoans/Coccidians
7
Q
Parasitic Worms
A
Helminths
8
Q
Roundworms
A
Nematodes
9
Q
Giant Intestinal Roundworm
A
Ascaris lumbricoides
10
Q
Whipworm
A
Trichuris trichiura
11
Q
Old World Hookworm
A
Ancylostoma duodenale
12
Q
New World Hookworm
A
Necator americanus
13
Q
Threadworm
A
Strongyloides stercoralis
14
Q
Pinworm, Seatworm
A
Enterobius vermicularis
15
Q
Tapeworms
A
Cestodes
16
Q
Pork Tapeworm
A
Taenia solium
17
Q
Beef Tapeworm
A
Taenia saginata
18
Q
Fish Broad Tapeworm
A
Diphyllobothrium latum or Dibothriocaptalus latus
19
Q
Flukes
A
Trematodes
20
Q
Flukes that has both male and female sex organs.
A
Monoecious Flukes
21
Q
Sheep Liver Fluke
A
Fasciola hepatica
22
Q
Lung Fluke
A
Paragonimus westermani
23
Q
Flukes that was separated male and female sex organs.
A
Dioecious Flukes
24
Q
i. Schistosoma japonicum
ii. Schistosoma mansoni
iii. Schistosoma haematobium
A
Dioecious Flukes
25
1250 to 1200 BC: Described “fiery serpents” which is most likely Dracunculus medinensis (Guinea worm) which struck down the Israelites in the region of the Red Sea after the Exodus from Egypt.
Bible
26
Contains the first written records of intestinal worms that were confirmed by the discovery of calcified helminth eggs in mummies dating from 1200 BC. Detailed account of aat swelling in the limbs among some ancient Egyptians; aat appears as the nature of infection with Dracunculus medinensis and techniques for removing the worm. Gave detailed description of aaa (possibly Hookworm infection) among ancient Egyptians.
Ebers Papyrus
27
Described worms from fishes, domesticated animals, and humans.
Hippocrates
28
Were familiar with Ascaris lumbricoides, Enterobius vermicularis and tapeworms belonging to genus Taenia.
Roman Physicians Celsus and Galen
29
Clearly described Ascaris, Enterobius, and tapeworms; Also gave good clinical descriptions of their respective infections.
Paulus Aegineta
30
Arabic physician who recognized the guinea worm, Dracunculus medinensis.
Avicenna
31
Father of Taxonomy
Described & named six helminth worms
i. Ascaris lumbricoides
ii. Ascaris vermicularis (now Enterobius vermicularis)
iii. Gordius medinensis (now Dracunculus medinensis)
iv. Fasciola hepatica
v.Taenia solium
vi. Taenia lata (now Diphyllobothrium latum)
Carolus Linnaeus
32
Discovered Giardia lamblia, the first parasitic protozoan in humans.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1681)
33
Discovery of Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of amoebiasis.
Friedrich Losch/ Fedor Lesh (1873)
34
Identified Trypanosoma brucei gambiense which causes chronic sleeping sickness.
Everett Dutton (1902)
35
Identified Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense that causes acute sleeping sickness.
J.W.W Stephens & Harold Fantham (1910)
36
Discovered that malaria is caused by protozoans known as the Plasmodium species.
Alphonse (Charles) Laveran (1880)
37
Discovered that mosquitoes can transmit can transmit malaria to birds. Establish mosquitoes (Female Anopheles) as vectors. Contributed significantly to the study of the life cycle of Plasmodium spp.
Ronald Ross (1897)
38
Gave the first detailed anatomy of A. lumbricoides.
Edward Tyson
39
Gave another detailed description of A. lumbricoides. The publications by Tyson and Redi marked the beginnings of the subdiscipline of helminthology, which reached a peak in the 19th century.
Francesco Redi
40
Demonstrated that ingestion of eggs of A.
lumbricoides as correct mode of transmission.
Casimir Joseph Davaine (1862)
41
Validated Davaine’s work; Infected himself with
eggs of A. lumbricoides & subsequently found eggs in his feces.
Giovanni Battista Grassi (1862)
42
DiscoveredthelifecycleofA.lumbricoidesincludingthemigrationoflarval stages around the body. Infected a volunteer and himself; Subsequently found large numbers of larvae in his sputum.
Shimesu Koino (1922)
43
Scientists used the term ‘Egyptian chlorosis’ to describe the greenish
pallor associated with Hookworm infection.
19th Century
44
Found hookworms in a human patient.
Angelo Dubini (1838)
45
Established the association between Hookworm
infection and the (then) unknown disease characterized by anemia, greenish
yellow pallor and laziness.
Wilhelm Griesinger (1854)
46
Established the real connection between pallor and
Hookworm infection while investigating the diseases of miners in the St. Gothard tunnel.
Edoardo Perroncito (1879)
47
“Hookworm & Strongyloides stercoralis larvae enter the body by boring through the skin”. Accidentally infected himself with the hookworm larvae. Deliberately placed S.stercoralis on his skin; Found larvae in his feces 64 days later.
Arthur Looss (End of 19th century)
48
Discovered T.spiralis worm in humans.
James Paget (1835)
49
Discovery of the adult worms of T. spiralis.
Rudolf Virchow (1859) and Friedrich Zenker (1860)
50
Recognized the clinical significance of infection;
Concluded that infections come from eating raw and improperly cooked pork.
Friedrich Zenker (1860)
51
Scientific observations on the tapeworms of humans, dogs, and other animals. Recognize the “head” (scolex) of a tapeworm.
Edward Tyson (Late 17th Century)
52
First to state that intermediate hosts are involved in the life cycles of Taenia. Observed that the scolices of the tapeworm in humans resembled cysts in the muscle of pigs.
Johann Goeze (1784)
53
Middle of the 19th century: Recognized the difference between Taenia solium (pork tapeworm) and Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm). 1850s: In a much-criticized experiment, fed pig meat containing Taenia solium to criminals condemned to death and recovered adult tapeworms after they had been executed.
Friedrich Heinrich Kuchenmeister
54
Confirmed that eating “measly” beef causes tapeworm infections.
Edoardo Perroncito (1877)
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Laboratory Examination of Stool Samples
Routine Fecalysis
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Observation of Color, and Stool Consistency
Macroscopic Examination
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Passage of black , tarry stools are called as melena Causes of black, tarry stools. Upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding (esophagus, stomach, duodenum). Ingestion of iron, charcoal, or bismuth.
Black, Tarry Stool
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Passage of stools with fresh blood due to lower gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is called as hematochezia Causes of a bright red stools. Lower GI bleeding (colon, rectum) Medications such as Rifampin and foods including beets.
Bright Red Stool
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Caused by blockage of bile duct or use of
barium sulfate.
Pale/Chalky Stools
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Observed in patients taking oral antibiotics and
increased intake of green vegetables or food coloring.
Green Stools
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Caused by ingestion of milk diet, cornmeal, rhubarb
and fats.
Yellow Stool
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Normal Stool Color
Light to Dark Brown
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Stool Consistency
Soft to Well-Formed
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Stool Quantity
100-250 Grams Per Day
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Stool Odor
Foul to Offensive
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Stool ph Level
7.0-8.0
67
Necessary to identify helminth eggs and larvae as well as protozoans.
Microscopic Examination
68
One or two drops of normal saline solution (NSS) is aspirated and transferred onto a glass slide. A clean wooden applicator stick is then used to acquire a representative portion of the fecal sample. The wooden stick (now containing the sample) is then applied over the NSS to prepare a fecal emulsion. A cover slip is placed on top followed by microscopic examination.
Saline Wet Mount
69
Similarly prepared as saline wet mount, only that a solution of iodine (Lugol’s iodine) is used instead. Best in highlighting details of protozoan cysts, thus, it may aid in correct identification.
Iodine Wet Mount
70
Most frequently performed fecal chemical examination. Used to detect “occult” or “hidden” blood that may be present in fecal samples. Necessary because any bleeding in excess of 2.5 mL/150 g of stool is PATHOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT and there may be no visible signs of bleeding with
this amount of blood.
Fecal Occult (Hidden) Blood Testing (FOBT)
71
For the early detection of colorectal cancer. Recommended by the American Cancer Society especially for those >50 years old.
Mass Screening Procedure
