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Parasitology Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

What causes Amebieasis?

A

Entamoeba Histolytica

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2
Q

What type of parasite is Entamoeba Histolytica?

A

Protozoan

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3
Q

What is the infective stage of Amebiasis?

A

Cysts

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4
Q

Describe the main symptoms of Entamoeba?

A

Dysentry - amebic colitis
Severe/chronic infections may lead to further Cx including formation of amebic granulomas

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5
Q

Where does Entamoeba form accesses?

A

Liver

Lung/brain/skin/genitalia often observed

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6
Q

Diagnosis of Entamoeba?

A

Identification of cysts and trophozoites in the stool

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7
Q

What can Entamoeba histolytic mimic on Endoscopy?

A

IBD

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8
Q

What is the treatment for invasive Amoebiasis?

A

Metronidazole

Need Paromomycin to eradicate cysts

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9
Q

What is the causative organism of Giardiasis?

A

Giardia duodenalis - protozoan flagellate

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10
Q

What is the infective stage of Giardia?

A

Cysts

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11
Q

What are some features of Giardia cysts?

A

They are hardy and can survive several months in cold water

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12
Q

Does Giardia affect small or large bowel?

A

Small

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13
Q

How does Giardia multiply?

A

Longitiiudinal binary fission

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of Giardiasis?

A

Diarrhoea and abdominal pain
Bloating
Nausea and vomiting

Malapsortion and debilitation can occur in chronic infection

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15
Q

What is the main diagnosis method for Giardia?

A

Identification of cysts or trophozoites in the stool

There is a direct immunofluorescene assay

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16
Q

What is the treatment for Giardia?

A

Metronidazole

Other options - Albendazole, Nitanoxianide

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17
Q

What leads to failure of eradication of Giardia? (4)

A

Poor compliance with meds
Reinfection
Drug resistance
Underlying immunodeficiency

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18
Q

What is the infectious stage of Cryptosporidium?

A

Cysts

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18
Q

Method ot transmission of Cryptosporidium?

A

Drinking water contaminated with cysts

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19
Q

Who does Cryptosporidium most commonly infect?

A

Children

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20
Q

What is tricky about cryptospordium oocysts?

A

Thick walled OocystResistant to chlorination
Small enough to pass through filter
Can survive for years in cold water

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21
Q

What is the clinical presentation of Cryptosporidium?

A

Water diarrhoea

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22
Q

Most common cause of diarrhoea in children?

A

Rotavirus
Second - Cryptosporidium

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23
Q

What is the treatment of Cryptosporidium?

A

Nitazoxinide or Paromomycin

Azithro - less effective

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24
Diagnosis method for Cryptosporidium?
Immunofuorescence microscopy Or Immunofluorescence microscopy
25
What is the causative organism of Toxoplasmosis?
Toxoplasma Gondii
26
What is the definitive host for Toxoplasma Gondii?
Cats
27
How do humans become infected with Toxoplasma Gondii? (4)
Eating undercooked meat of animals with tissue cysts Consuming food or water contaminated with cat faeces Blood transfusion or organ transplantation Transplacentally
28
Where do the Toxoplasma Gondii cysts go in humans?
Skeletal muscles Myocardium Brain Eyes
29
How do you diagnose Toxoplasmosis Gondii?
Serology Can observe tissues cysts in biopsy
30
What is the clinical syndrome for Toxoplasmosis Gondii in immunocopenent person?
Usually asymptomatic 10-20% will develop cervical lymphadenopathy and/or a flu like illness
31
What is the Toxoplasmosis Gondii presentation in AIDs?
Toxoplasmic encephalitis - intra-cerebral mass lesions Largely thought to be reactivation of chronic disease
32
What is the prevalence of toxoplasma gondii?
Pretty high 15% ??? Higher in Central America (stray cats) and France (raw meat)
33
What eye condition is associated with HIV immumocmpromised patients with Toxoplasmosis Gondii?
Retinochoroiditis Unilateral decrease in visual acuity
34
Congenital Toxo
Many infants with subclinical infection at birth will develop signs or symptoms of congenital toxoplasmosis - occular toxoplasma infection can be asymptomatic til 20s-30s when lesions develop in the eye
35
What is the epi/lifecycle of pinworm? (Enterobius vermicularis)
200mil infected worldwide, children, not related to socio economic status Faecal oral transmission
36
What are the clinical features of pin worm?
Asymptomatic Perianal itch - restless sleep Ectopic disease - can get vulvovaginitis and dysuria
37
Diagnosis of Pin worm
Find eggs Cellophane tape test (morning)
38
Treatment for Pin worm?
Albendazole or metronidazole single dose Repeat after 2 weeks
39
Prevention of pin worm
Hand hygiene Treat whole family
40
What is the infectious stage of pinworm?
Eggs ingested by human
41
What is epi and lifecycle of whipworm?
Whipworm - Trichuris Tritura Tropics Faecal - soil - oral Ingest eggs --> larvae --> adult in GI tract and release eggs
42
Clinical features of whip worm?
Asymptomatic Mild infection - abdo distension Heavy infection - dysentry, tenesmus, rectal prolapse
43
Diagnosis whip worm
Faecal OCP PCR Enteroscopy and viewing adult worms
44
Treatment whipworm
Albendazole or mebendazole 3 days Ivermectin 3/7 increases cure rates
45
What is Ascaris lumbricoides? Epi/lifecycle
Roundworm Faecal - soil - oral Eggs --> larvae in GI tract --> larvae to bloodstream ,mature in lungs --> oesophagus --> GI tract lay eggs
46
Clinical features of Ascaris lumbricoides?
Asymptomatic Lofflers syndrome GI obstruction Ectopic - liver, biliary --> sepsis
47
Diagnosis of ascaris?
Faecal OCP PCR adult worms in stool
48
Treatment for ascaris?
Albendazole/mebendazole single dose
49
Hookworm (human) epi and lifecycle?
Faecal - soil - skin - larvae through skin to circulation --> lungs --> GI tract to adults and lay eggs
50
Clinical symptoms of hook worm
Ground itch - rash GI upset - anaemia/malnutrtion
51
Diagnosis human hookworm
Faecal OCP PCR
52
Treatment human hook worm
single dose ablebdazole mebendazole 3/7
53
Prevention Hook worm
Wear shoes Sanitation
54
Animal hook worms
Humans accidental hosts Worm burrows into subcutis - cannot penetrate further Get cutaneous larva migrans 1-2cm a day Does not need treatment but itchy - can give albendazole or ivermectin single dose
55
What is epi/lifecyle for strongyloides?
Tropics/sub tropics Faecal - oral- skin BUT can auto infect (complete life cycle in humans)
56
What is the wide clinical range of strongyloides?
Larva currens Urticaria Lofflers GI sx - pain/nausea/anaemia Can get hyperinfection in reduced immune system (pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis, death)
57
Diagnosis of strongyloides
Clinical Faecal OCP/PCR Blood - eosinophilia, PCR, serology Hyperinfection - larvae in sputum and tissues
58
Treatment of strongyloides
Ivermectin 2 days Hyperinfection - ivermectin and immunosupresion drugs
59
Strongyloides and steroids
Can cause hyperinfection - high morbidity/mortality
60
Hydatid disease is the result of
Larval stage of a small tapeworm of dogs/other canines This is a zoonosis Echinococcus granulosus Think sheperd or farmer
61
Infective stage E.granulosis
Embryonated egg Humans are aberrant intermediate hosts Oncospheres are realised into the intestine and hydatid cysts develop in a variety of organs
62
Clinical features E.granulosis
70% in liver - symptoms caused by mass infect If secondary bacterial infection present as bacterial abscess If leakage/spill - can cause hypersenstivity reaction
63
Investigations for hydatid cyst diseae
USS (MRI can be useful) Serologu - antigen B most sensitive
64
Management of hydatid cyst disease
PAIR (puncture, aspirate, inject, reaspriate) With Albendazole pre (3m) /post (8/52) Used to be surgery
65
Prevention and control E.gransulosus
Strict dog measures
66
What is secondary echonoccocus?
Liberated protoscolices may create secondary cysts
67
Tunga penetrans
flea causing tungarisis

DTMH (15 decks)

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