Parasitology Flashcards
(127 cards)
1
Q
What are the sx of giardiasis
A
Bloating, flatulence, foul-smelling diarrhea
2
Q
This protozoa is often seen in campers/hikers and results in bloating, flatulence, foul-smelling diarrhea
A
Giardia lamblia
3
Q
Giardia lamblia is transmitted how? And can be dx by?
A
Cysts in water, trophozoites or cysts in stool
4
Q
The treatment for giardiasis is
A
Metronidazole
5
Q
This protozoa causes vaginitis that is characterized by foul-smell, greenish discharge, itching and burning
A
Trichomonas vaginalis
6
Q
How is trichomonas vaginalis transmitted?
A
Sexually
7
Q
Trichomonas vaginalis is dx how?
A
Trophozoites (motile) on wet mound
8
Q
The treatment for trichomonas vaginitis is
A
Metronidazole
9
Q
Chagas disease is cased by what organism
A
Trypanosoma cruzi
10
Q
What are the three sx characteristic of Chagas, and what part of the world do you find this disease
A
dilated cardiomyopathy, megacolon, megaesophagus; South America
11
Q
What is the treatment for Chagas disease
A
Nifurtimox
12
Q
The reduviid bug (kissing bug”) is responsible for the transmission of this organism”
A
Trypanosoma cruzi
13
Q
Trypanosoma cruzi infection can be dx by
A
Blood smear
14
Q
African sleeping sickness can be caused by what two organisms?
A
Trypanosoma gambiense, Trypanosoma rhodesiense
15
Q
What are the sx of African sleeping sickness?
A
Enlarged lymph nodes, recurring fever (due to antigenic variation), somnolence, coma
16
Q
The tsetse fly is responsible for transmission of what organism?
A
Trypanosoma gambiense and Trypanosoma rhodesiense
17
Q
The treatment for blood borne African sleeping sickness is..?
A
Suramin
SURe is nice to go to sleep.
18
Q
The treatment for African sleeping sickness that has penetrated the CNS is
A
Melarsoprol - MELAtonin helps with sleep
19
Q
Trypanosoma gambiense and Trpanosoma rhodesiense can be diagnosed by
A
Blood smear
20
Q
Leishmania donovani cause what disease
A
Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar)
21
Q
What are the sx of visceral leishmaniasis
A
spiking fevers, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia
22
Q
The sandfly transmits what organism?
A
Leishmania donovani
23
Q
Leishmania donovani is transmitted by what organism?
A
Sandfly
24
Q
How do you diagnose infection by Leishmania donovani?
A
Macrophages containing amastigotes
25
What is the treatment for visceral leishmaniasis
Sodium stibogluconate
26
Name the four types of malaria
Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium falciparum
27
What are the common sx of malaria
Cyclic fever, headache, anemia, splenomegaly
28
What types of Plasmodium have dormant forms in liver (hypnozoites) and causes relapsing malaria?
P. vivax and P. ovale
29
What Plasmodium cases severe malaria that can affect CNS
P. falciparum
30
What is the treatment for malaria?
Chloroquine (primaquine to prevent relapse caused by P. vivax, P. ovale), sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine, mefloquine, quinine
31
What are the symptoms of Babesiosis
fever and hemolytic anemia
32
How is Babesia transmitted?
Ixodes tick
33
What is a protozoa that is transmitted by the Ixodes tick
Babesia
34
What is a Maltese cross
A classic sign of Babesiosis: a RBC has no RBC pigment and a cross shape can be seen
35
What RBC forms are seen in babesiosis
Maltese cross and ring forms
36
What are the treatments for babesiosis
Quinine, clindamycin
37
Cryptosporidium causes what condition
Mild disease (watery diarrhea) in non-immunocompromised. Severe diarrhea in AIDS.
38
How is Cryptosporidium transmitted? diagnosed?
Cysts in water, cysts on acid-fast stain
39
There is no treatment for Cryptosporidium: true or false
TRUE
40
What protozoa causes brain abscess in HIV and birth defects?
Toxoplasma gondii
41
How is Toxoplasma gondii transmitted?
Cysts in meat or cat feces; crosses placenta (pregnant women should avoid cats)
42
Why should pregnant women avoid cats?
Risk of Toxoplasma gondii transmission.
43
How is Toxoplasma gondii infection diagnosed?
Serology, biopsy
44
How is Toxoplasma gondii infection treated?
Sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine
45
What organism can cause bloody diarrhea, liver abscess, and RUQ pain?
Entamoeba histolytica; Amebiasis
46
How is Amebiasis transmitted
Cysts in water
47
How is amebiasis dx?
Serology and/or trophozoites or cysts in stool; RBCs in cytoplasm of entmoeba
48
Treatment for Entamoeba histolytica infection
Metronidazole and iodoquinol
49
Naegleria fowleri is responsible for what disease
Rapidly fatal meningoencephalitis
50
Rapidly fatal meningoencephalitis is caused by what protozoa?
Naegleria fowleri
51
How is Naegleria fowleri transmitted?
Swimming in freshwater lakes (enter via cribriform plates)
52
How is Naegleria fowleri diagnosed?
Amoebas in spinal fluid
53
What organism causes anal pruritus and can be detected using the Scotch tape test? Is it a nematode or a cestode?
Enterobius vermicularis; nematode
54
How is Enterobius vermicularis transmitted?
Food contaminated with eggs leading to intestinal infection, causes anal pruritus
55
What is the treatment for Enterobius vermicularis
Mebendazole (MBZ) and pyrantel pamoate
56
What organism is the giant roundworm?
Ascaris lumbricoides
57
What organism is also known as a pinworm?
Enterobius vermicularis
58
What is the treatment for infection by Ascaris lumbricoides?
Mebendazole (MBZ) and pyrantel pamoate
59
How is Trichinella spiralis transmitted?
Undercooked meat, usually pork
60
What disease does Trichinella spiralis cause?
Inflammation of muscle (larvae encyst in muscle), periorbital edema
61
What is the treatment for Trichinella spiralis
Thiabendazole
62
What type of helminth is Trichinella spiralis?
Nematode
63
What type of helminth is Strongyloides stercoralis?
Nematode
64
What helminth has larvae in soil that penetrates the skin, leading to intestinal infection that causes vomiting, diarrhea, and anemia?
Strongyloides stercoralis
65
What is the treatment for infection by Strongyloides stercoralis
Ivermectin/thiabendazole
66
What two organisms are known as hookworms?
Ancyclostoma duodenale, Necator americanus
67
How do hookworms transmit and what disease do they cause?
Larvae penetrate skin of feet; intestinal infection can cause anemia (sucks bblood from intestinal wall)
68
What is the treatment for Ancyclostoma duodenale infection?
Mebendazole/pyrantel pamoate
69
What is the treatment for Necator americanus infection?
Mebendazole/pyrantel pamoate
70
How is Dracunculus medinensis transmitted?
In drinking water
71
What type of disease does Dracunculus medinensis cause?
Skin inflammation and ulceration
72
What is the treatment for Dracunculus medinensis infection?
Niridazole
73
What organism is transmitted by female blackflies?
Onchocerca volvulus
74
What organism causes river blindness with skin nodules and lizard skin"?"
Onchocerca volvulus
75
What disease does Onchocerca volvulus cause?
River blindness with skin nodules and lizard skin""
76
What is the treatment for Onchocerca volvulus infection?
Ivermectin
77
What type of helminth is Onchocerca volvulus?
Nematode
78
What helminth can cause an allergic reaction to its microfilaria?
Onchocerca volvulus
79
What are the vectors for loa loa?
Deer fly, horse fly, and mango fly
80
What occurs with loa loa infection?
Swelling in skin and worm can be seen crawling in the conjunctiva
81
What is the treatment for Loa loa infection?
Diethylcarbamazine
82
What helminth is carried by the female mosquito and causes elephantitis?
Wuchereria bancrofti
83
What type of helminth is Loa loa
Nematode
84
What type of helminth is Wuchereria bancrofti
Nematode
85
How long after the initial bite does it take to get elephantitis symptoms
9 months to year after bite from Wucheria bnacrofti
86
What is the treatment for wucheria bancrofti infection?
Diethylcarbamazine
87
How is Toxocara canis transmitted?
Food contaminated with eggs.
88
What organism causes granulomas (if they are in retina --> blindness) and visceral larva migrans
Toxocara canis
89
What is the treatment for Toxocara canis infection?
Diethylcarbamazine
90
How is Taenia solium transmitted?
Ingestion of larvae encysted in undercooked pork leading to intestinal tapeworms.
91
What kind of helminth is Taenia solium
Cestode
92
Ingestion of Taenia solium eggs leads to what?
Cysticercosis and neurocysticercosis
93
What is the treatment for Taenia solium intestinal worms and cysticercosis?
Praziquantel
94
What is the treatment for Taenia solium neurocysticercosis?
Albendazole
95
How is Diphyllobothrium latum transmitted?
Ingestion of larvae in raw freshwater fish
96
What cestode causes vitamin B12 deficiency, resulting in anemia
Diphyllobothrium latum (fish tapeworm)
97
How is Echinococcus granulosus transmitted?
Ingestion of eggs in dog feces
98
What organism can cause cysts in liver and cause anaphylaxis if antigens of the organism are released from the cysts?
Echinococcus
99
What is the treatment for Echinococcus granulosus?
Albendazole
100
What type of helminth is Echinococcus granulosus?
Cestode
101
What kind of disease can Echinococcus granulosus cause?
Cysts in liver; Anaphylaxis if echinococcal antigens are released from cysts
102
What type of helminth is Diphyllobothrium latum
Cestode
103
What are the hosts for Schistosoma
Snails
104
What stage of Schistosoma penetrate skin of humans?
Cercariae
105
Chronic infection with this organism can lead to squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder.
Schistosoma haematobium
106
What helminth has cercariae penetrate skin of humans and then goes on to cause granulomas, fibrosis, and inflammation of the spleen and liver?
Schistosoma
107
What is the treatment for Schistosoma infection?
Praziquantel
108
What kind of helminth is Schistosoma?
Trematode (fluke)
109
How is Clonorchis sinensis transmitted?
By uncooked fish
110
What disease does clonorchis sinensis cause?
Inflammation of the biliary tract leading to pigmented gallstones. It is also associated with cholangiocarcinoma
111
What is the treatment for clonorchis sinensis infection?
Praziquantel
112
What organism is transmitted by uncooked fish and causes inflammation of the biliary tract?
Clonorchis sinensis
113
What organism is transmitted through undercooked crab meat?
Paragonimus westermani
114
What helminth causes inflammation and secondary bacterial infection of the lung and is transmitted through undercooked crab meat?
Paragonimus westermani
115
What is the treatment for Paragonimus westermani infection?
Praziquantel
116
What kind of disease does Paragonimus westermani infection cause?
Inflammation and secondary infection of the lung
117
What three nematodes are ingested?
(EAT) Enterobius, Ascaris, Trichinella
118
What three nematodes are infect cutaneously?
(SANd) Strongyloides, Ancylostoma, Necator
119
What parasite causes brain cysts, and seizures?
Taenia solium (cysticercosis)
120
What parasite cauess liver cysts?
Echinococcus granulosus
121
What parasite causes B12 deficiency?
Diphyllobothrium latum
122
What parasite causes biliary tract disease?
Clonorchis sinensis
123
What parasite causes hemoptysis?
Paragonimus westermani
124
What parasite causes portal hypertension?
Schistosoma mansoni
125
What parasite causes hematuria and bladder cancer?
Schistosoma haematobium
126
What parasite causes microcytic anemia?
Ancylostoma, Necator
127
What parasite causes perianal pruritus?
Enterobius
