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RMT BY MARCH 2017!!! > Parasitology > Flashcards

Parasitology Flashcards

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1
Q

Definitive Host

A

Harbors sexual/adult-stage parasite

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2
Q

Members of Subkingdom Protozoa

A

Sarcodina/Rhizopoda
Ciliophora
Mastigophora
Sporozoa

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3
Q

Sarcodina species (10)

A 
Entamoeba histolytica
Entamoeba dispar
Entamoeba hartmanni
Entamoeba coli
Endolimax nana
Iodamoeba butschi
Entamoeba gingivalis
Entamoeba polecki
Negleria fowleri
Acanthamoeba spp
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4
Q

Identification of E. histolytica

A
  • RBCs in troph
  • fingerlike and dendritic pseudopods
  • chromatoidal bodies in cyst
  • mature cyst with 4 nuclei
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5
Q

presence indicate fecal contam

A

Non-pathological intestinal amoeba

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6
Q

Amoeba that does not inhabit the intestines

A

E. gingivalis

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7
Q

Amoeba without cystic stage

A

E. gingivalis

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8
Q

Charcot-Leyden Granules

A

Product of eosinophils; present in amebic dysentery caused by E. histolytica

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9
Q

Morphologically identical to E. histolytica except DNA and ribosomal RNA

A

E. dispar

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10
Q

Most number of nuclei in cystic stage of Amoeba

A

E. coli

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11
Q

E. nana vs E. histolytica

A
  • E. hustolytica : bull’s eye

- E. nana : cross-eyed

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12
Q

Amoeba with WBCs in vacuoles

A

E. gingivalis

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13
Q

Uninucleated amoeba

A
  • I. butschii

- E. polecki

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14
Q

Amoebic cyst with no chromatoidal bodies but with large glycogen mass

A

I. butschii

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15
Q

Causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis

A

Negleria

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16
Q

Causes granulomatius amoebic encephalitis

A

Acanthamoeba

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17
Q

With 2 forms of troph - (1) amoeboid (2) flagellate

A

Naegleria fowleri

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18
Q

Amoeba in contact lens care solution

A

Acanthamoeba

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19
Q

Cultured in BAP flooded with E. coli

A

Acanthamoeba

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20
Q

Locomotory granules of Mastigophora

A

Flagella

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21
Q

Pathology of Giargia lamblia

A

Malabsorption (GL-CP), steatorrhea, Traveller’s diarrhea, Gay bowel’s syndrome

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22
Q

Distinct characteristics of G. lamblia

A
  • cyst with 4 nuclei and retractile cytoplasmic membrane

- troph with 2 big nuclei with sucking disks –> OLD MANS FACE

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23
Q

Distinguishing characteristics of Chilomastix mesnili

A
  • nipple-shaped cyst

- troph with 4 flagella, 1 nucleus, cytostome with spiral groove

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24
Q

Flagellate that can be transmitted by pinworm ova

A

Dientamoeba fragilis

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25
Trichomonad species
T. hominis T. vaginalis T. tenax
26
Differentiate trichomonads by habitat
T hominis: large intestines T tenax: mouth T vaginalis: vagina
27
Flagellate with no cystic stage
Trichomonas sp
28
Distinguishing characteristic of trichomonads
Presence of undulating membrane
29
Arrange trichomonads by SIZE
T tenax < T hominis < T vaginalis
30
Arrange trichomonads by undulating membrane
T vaginalis < T tenax < T hominis
31
Culture for trichomonads
- modified Diamond's | - Feinberg with Whittington's media
32
Genus under hemoflagellates
Leishmania, Trypanosoma
33
Other term for amastigotes
Lishman Donovan body
34
Describe amastigotes
Ovoid, NM, intracellular
35
Other term for promastigote
Leptomonal form
36
Describe promastigote
Elongated, with ant flagella, kinetoplast is ant to nucleus
37
Crithidial form of flagellates
Epimastigote
38
Stage with the formation of undulating membrane in hemoflagellates
Epimastigote
39
Stage where the kinetoplast is near nucleus
Epimastigote
40
Infective stage of Leishmania
Promastigote
41
Infective stage of trypanosome
Trymastigote
42
Leishmania species and their respective habitats and patho L. tropica L. braziliensis L. donovani
1. L tropica -- skin -- baghdad boil (dry lesion) 2. L braziliensis -- skin and mucous mem -- american Leishmania, chiclero ulcer 3. L donovani -- visceral organs (spleen, BM, liver, nodes) -- kala azar fever, dumdum fever, death fever
43
Vector of Leishmania spp
Sandfly -- Phlebotomus spp
44
Species under Typanosoma brucei complex
T. gambianse and T. rhodesiense
45
Vector for Trypanosoma brucei complex
Glossina spp (Tse tse fly)
46
West Africa/Acute trypanosomiasis
Ghambian
47
East Africa/Chronic trypanosomiasis
Rhodesian
48
Winterbottom
Lymph invasion of Leishmania spp
49
Kerandel's
Invasion of the CNS of Leishmania spp --> coma --> "sleeping sickness"
50
4/5 Cs of T. cruzi
``` Chaga's disease C-shaped Cardiac, RES, CNS Chang's Medium Xenodiagnosis Test ```
51
Leishmania life cycle
Phlebotomus (Amastigote) --> Man (Amastigote to Promastigote) --> Phlebotomus (Promastigote to Amastigote)
52
Locomotory granules for Ciliophora
Ciliates
53
Only medically important ciliate
Balantidium coli
54
Distinct characteristics of B. coli
parasite of PIGS Troph secretes HYALURONIDASE --> ulcers with wide neck and rounded base LARGEST PATHOGENIC INTESTINAL protozoan
55
Locomotory granules of Sporozoans
No distinct locomotory structure
56
Sporozoan with affinity to CNS
Toxoplasma gondii
57
Differentiate tachizoites and bradyzoites
Tachizoite: rapid-dividing troph Bradyoite: slow-dividing troph
58
Toxoplasmosis
CNS involvement in immunocompromised
59
Humans are ____ host for T. gondii | Cats are ____ host for T. gondii
Man: Intermediate host Cat: Definitive host
60
What sporozoan causes cholera like + mucous diarrhea ?
Cryptosporidium parvum
61
What sporozoan causes diarrhea and malabsorption in immunocompromised?
Isospora belli
62
Species of Malarial parasites (5)
``` Plasmodium vivax Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium ovale Plasmodium malariae Plasmodium knowlesi ```
63
Intermediate and definite hosts of malarial parasites
IH: man (vertebrates) DH: female anopheles
64
Vector of malarial parasites to man "available" in the Philippines
A. minimus var flavirostris
65
Incubation period of malaria
8-40 days
66
Classical sign of malaria
Paroxym : chills, fever, sweat
67
Species that can cause malarial relapse
P. vivax and P. ovale
68
Most common cause of malaria in the PH
P. faciparum
69
Most common cause of malaria in the world
P. vivax
70
Resistance to malarial parasites
1. Fy(a-b) gene: resistance to P. vivax 2. G6PD: resistance to Plasmodium 3. Sickle-cell anemia --> HgS --> anti-Plasmodium 4. M-N gene: anti-P. falci
71
RBC infected with P. falci
normal
72
RBC infected with P. vivax
larger, pale, oval
73
RBC infected with P. ovale
oval
74
RBC infected with P. malariae
normal; may be smaller
75
RBC strippling of P. falci
Maurer's dots
76
RBC strippling of P. vivaz
Schuffer's or James dots
77
RBC strippling of P. ovale
Schuffer's or James dots
78
RBC strippling of P. malariae
Ziemann's dots
79
Stages in PBS of P. falci
Ring forms and gametocyte
80
Stages in PBS of P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae
ALL
81
Specific malaria caused by P. falci
Malignant tertian
82
Specific malaria caused by P. vivax
Benign tertian
83
Specific malaria caused by P. ovale
Tertian
84
Specific malaria caused by P. malariae
Quartian
85
Only malarial parasite with 72 hours asexual cycle
P. malariae -- quartian
86
Primary drug of choice for malaria
Chloroquine
87
Drug of choice for malaria when resistant
Quinine/Sulfadoxine
88
Life cycle same with malarial parasites without the RBC stages
Babesia microti
89
B. microti resembles what malarial paraste
P. falci ring forms
90
Definitive host of Babesia
Deer
91
Other term for tapeworm
Cestodes
92
Characteristics of Cestodes
- Adults are flat and segments - ALL are hermaphroditic - NO circulatory and digestive systems - Heteroxenous except H. nana
93
Habitat of cestodes
Adult - small intestines | Larva - tissue / muscle
94
Parts of the adult tapeworm
- Scolex / Head: rostellum and hooklets - Neck: budding/growth zone - Strobila: body; chain of segments/PROGLOTTIDS
95
Two groups of Cestodes and corresponding species
Pseudophyllidea (Diphyllobotrium latum) | Cyclophyllidea (T. saginta, T. solium, H. nana, H. diminuta, D. caninum, E. ganulosus)
96
Pork tapeworm
Taenia solium
97
Beef tapeworm
Taenia saginata
98
Dwarf tapeworm
Hymenolepis nana
99
Rat tapeworm
Hymenolepis diminuta
100
Dog tapeworm
Dipylidium caninum
101
Hydatid worm
Echinococcus granulosus
102
Intermediate and definitive hosts of D. latum
IH: Crustaceans --> fresh water fish DH: Man
103
Fish tapeworm
Diphylobotrium latum
104
Largest tapeworm of man
Diphylobotrium latum
105
Scolex is almond-shaped with sucking organ called BOTHRIUM
Diphylobotrium latum
106
Uterus of Diphylobotrium latum
rosette formation
107
Eggs of Diphylobotrium latum
Operculated with small knob containing undeveloped coracidia
108
Pathology of D. latum
Vit B-12 deficiency anemia | Megaloblastic anemia
109
T. saginata vs T. soilum : intermediate host
T. saginata : cattle | T. solium: pig
110
T. saginata vs T. soilum : scolex
T saginata: no rostellar hooks | T. solium: with rostellum armed with TWO ROWS of large and small hooklets
111
T. saginata vs T. soilum : gravid proglottids
T solium: 7-13 lateral branches that are dendritic | T. saginata: 15-20 lateral branches that are tree-like
112
T. saginata vs T. soilum : infective stage
T. saginata : cycticercus bovis | T. solium: cycticercus cellulosae
113
Third Taenia species
Taenia asiatica
114
Cysticercus viscerotropica
T. asiatica found in the liver of intermediates hosts, such as pigs, cattle, monkeys, goats, wild boar
115
Smallest tapeworm infecting man
Hymenolepis nana
116
Tapeworm group with quadrate cup-like suckers (with or without hookelets)
Cyclophyllidea
117
Tapeworm group with spherical, non-operculated embryonated ova
Cyclophyllidea
118
Ova of Pseudophyllidea
Oval, operculated, with immature coracidia
119
H. nana vs H. diminuta : scolex
H. nana: with rostellum of 20-30 spines | H. diminuta: no rostellum
120
H. nana vs H. diminuta : eggs
H. nana: inner membrane with 2 polar thickening with 4-8 polar filaments H. diminuta: inner membrane with 2 polar thickening without filaments
121
Only tapeworm not requiring an intermediate host
H. nana
122
Describe the proglottids of D. caninum
- shaped like a melon seed | - have double set of reproductive organs and a genital pore on each side of the lateral margin
123
Bothria vs acetabulla
Bothria: fake suckers Acentabulla: muscular suckers
124
Intermediate and definite host of Taenia solium
IH: pig DH: man
125
Intermediate and definite host of Taenia saginata
IH: cattle DH: man
126
Intermediate and definite host of Hymenolepis nana
IH: not required (insects) DH: rat/man
127
Intermediate and definite host of Hymenolepis diminuta
IH: insects DH: rat/man
128
Intermediate and definite host of Dipylidium caninum
IH: flea DH: dog
129
Intermediate and definite host of Echinococcus granulosus
IH: sheep, goat DH: dog/wolf
130
Other term for FLUKES
Trematodes
131
Characteristics of trematodes
- non-segmented bodies, dorsoventrally flattened | - with complete digestive system and two acentabula (oral for food; ventral for attachment)
132
Species of blood flukes
Schistosoma japonicum Schistosoma mansoni Schistosoma haemotobium
133
Oriental blood fluke
S. japonicum
134
Manson's blood fluke
S. mansoni
135
Vesical fluke
S. haemotobium
136
Blood fluke with small lateral knob
S. japonicum
137
Blood fluke with large lateral knob
S. mansoni
138
Blood fluke with terminal knob
S. haematobium
139
Characteristics of blood flukes
Non-hermaphroditic Adults are cylindrical Non-operculated eggs Male with gynecophoric groove
140
Intermediate host of S. japonicum
Oncomelania quadrasi
141
Non-blood fluke 1st and second intermediate hosts
1: snail 2: crab, fish, vegetable, snail
142
Species for lung fluke
Paragonimus westermani
143
Characteristics of P. westermani (adult and ova)
- hermaphroditic - leaf-like, non-segmented bodies, spiny integument - operculated eggs
144
Intermediate hosts of P. westermani
1: Brothia asperata 2: freshwater crab (Sundathelpusa spp, Parathelpusa spp)
145
Oriental Lung fluke
P. westermani
146
Reservoir host of P. westermani
Rat, dog, cat
147
Disease caused by P. westermani
Pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis leading to TB-like symptoms (endemic hemoptysis)
148
Liver Flukes (4)
Fasciola hepatica Fasciola gigantica Clonorchis sinenssis Opistochis felineus
149
Intestinal Flukes (3)
Fasciolopsis buski Echinostoma ilocanum Heterophyes heterophyes
150
Sheep liver fluke
F. hepatica
151
Giant liver fluke
F. gigantica
152
Chinese liver fluke
C. sinenssis
153
Cat liver fluke
O. felineus
154
Largest fluke paralysing man; largest intestinal fluke
F. buski
155
Nematodes
Roundworms
156
Species of intestinal roundworms
CASHET CASH: small intestines ET: large intestines
157
Species of extra-intestinal roundworms
Filarial worms | Trichinella spiralis
158
Characteristics of nematodes
- Unsegmented, bilaterally symmetrical, elongated bodies - With thick hyaline coating - Alimentary canal with simple tube extending from mouth to anus - non-hermaphroditic - with sensory organs or chemoreceptors
159
Most common intestinal nematode of man
Ascaris lumbricoides
160
Giant intestinal roundworm
Ascaris lumbricoides
161
(Fertilized ) Ova of Ascaris
shell with 3 layers - inner vitelline membrane - middle glycogen layer - outermost mamillation
162
Adult of Ascaris
head with 3 lips and a triangular buccal cavity
163
Caused by Ascaris during larval migration (to the lungs)
Pneumonia, cough, fever, eosinophilia
164
Soil-transmitted helminths
HAT Hookworms Ascaris Trichuris
165
Hookworm species
Necator americanus | Ancylostoma duodenale
166
New world hookworm
N. americanus
167
Old world hookworm
A. duodenale
168
Adult hookworms
N. a. : S-shaped with cutting plates | A. d. : C-shaped with 2 pairs of teeth
169
Hookworm eggs
Colorless, thin shelled, ovoidal
170
Hookworm pathology
- ground itch (skin penetration of larva) - Pneumonitis, bloody sputum - Blood loss with secondary microcytic hypochromic anemia and iron deficiency
171
Whipworm
Trichuris trichiura
172
Egg of whipworm
Barrel-shaped with bipolar plugs
173
Pathology in heavy whipworm infection
bloody or mucoid diarrhea, mild anemia, rectal prolapse
174
Pinworm
Enterobius vermicularis
175
Most common helminth parasite in TEMPERATE regions
Pinworm
176
Eggs of pinworm
D-shaped with fully-developed larva
177
Adult pinworm
With cuticular alar expansion and esophageal bulb
178
Pathology of E. vermicularis
Pruritis ani | Non-specific ab pain, nausea, vomiting
179
Threadworm
Strongyloides stercoralis
180
Three phases of adult thread worm
Parasitic Free-livng Autoinfection
181
Pathology of S. Stercoralis
Cochin-China / Vietnam diarrhea
182
Pudoc worm
Capillaria philippinensis
183
Egg of C. philippinensis
Peanut-shaped with bipolar plugs
184
Pathology of C. philippinensis
- Borborygmi | - Volumous episodic diarrhea leading to electrolyte imbalance
185
Muscle worm
T. spiralis
186
Species of Filarial worms
Wuchereria bancrofti Brugia malayi Loa loa Onchocerca volvulus
187
Filarial worms with lymphatics as habitat
W. bancrofti and B. malayi
188
Vector of W. bancrofti
Aedes, Anopheles
189
Microfilaria of W. bancrofti
No nucleus in tail
190
Vector of B. malayi
Mansonia
191
Microfilaria of B. malayi
2 separate nuclei in tail
192
Microfilaria of Loa loa
Nuclei continuous up to the tip of the tail
193
Dog heartworm
Dirofilaria immitis
194
Guinea worm
Dracunculus medinensis
195
Rat lungworm
Parastronglys cantonensis
196
Filarial worm causing eosinophilic meningoencephalitis
P. cantonensis
197
WASHED framework
WAter, Sanitation, Hygiene, Education, Deworming
198
When to use thick and thin blood smears
Malaria, Babesia, Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Filaria THICK: screening THIN: identification of species
199
Primary direct wet mount
Saline mount
200
Why avoid iodine mount
Destroys troph
201
Stool fixative for protozoan cysts
5% formalin
202
Stool fixative for helminth eggs and larvae
10% formalin
203
Stool fixative for trichrome stain
PVA
204
Permanent stains
Wheatley's trichrome stain | Modified acid-fast stains
205
Concentration methods
``` Sedimentation Floatation (protozoans and nematod eggs except Trichuris and Capillaria) ```
206
Culture medium for Leishmania and Trypanosoma
Novy-McNeal-Nicolle
207
Garrison's Fluke
Echinostoma ilocanum
208
Dwarf Fluke or Von Siebold's Fluke | Smallest fluke to man
Heterophyes heterophyes

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