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CLS 753 > Parasitology > Flashcards

Parasitology Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

For a wet mount, we scan at ___ objective and read and confirm at ___

A

10x

40x

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2
Q

For a stain slide, we scan at ___ objective and read and confirm at ___

A

10x

100x oil

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3
Q

Types of specimen samples (4). Which one is the most common?

A

Stool
Blood
Sputum
Duodenal

Stool

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4
Q

For a stool sample, we prepare these slides…

A

Wet mount

Stained smear

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5
Q

What does “O and P” stand for? A sample that says O and P can immediate be assumed to be this type of organism

A

Ova and parasites

Parasites

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6
Q

3 types of stains used to make a stained smear

A

Trichrome
Iron hematoxylin
Acid-fast

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7
Q

Blood is ONLY stained with…

A

Wright and Giemsa

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8
Q

Duodenal samples are stained with…

A

Trichrome

Iron hematoxylin

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9
Q

Causative agents of malaria (4)

A

Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium ovale
Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium malariae

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10
Q

Plasmodium’s host are… Their intermediate (deadend) host are…

A

Anopheles mosquitoes

Humans

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11
Q

What does sporogony and schizogony mean for plasmodium reproduction? Where does each occur?

A

Sporogony = sexual reproduction, in Anopheles mosquitoes

Schizogony = asexual reproduction, in humans

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12
Q

The form of Plasmodium that is injected into humans from a bite is called… Is the form infective?

A

Sporozoite

No

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13
Q

Once inside a human host, sporozoites take up residences in… Differentiates into… Is this form infective?

A

Liver

Merozoites
-mature into schizont, which ruptures and release merozoites

Yes

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14
Q

What do exo-erythrocytic and erythrocytic cycles mean?

A

Exo-erythrocytic = happening inside liver cells

Erythrocytic = inside RBCs

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15
Q

Which species of Plasmodium attack young, old, and all types of RBCs? Which species is the most serious/fetal?

A

Ovale and vivax = young RBCs

Malariae = old RBCs

Falciparum = all

Falciparum is most serious

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16
Q

What are some common symptoms of malaria? What is periodicity?

A

Fever, chills, sweating, lethargy, low grade fever

How often symptoms are repeated

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17
Q

What is the periodicity of each Plasmodium species?

A

Ovale and vivax = 48 hrs

Malariae = 72 hrs

Falciparum = 36-48 hrs

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18
Q

These species of Plasmodium cause RBCs to become larger than normal size

A

Ovale and vivax

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19
Q

A key difference in RBC morphology between ovale and vivax is…

A

Ovale appear spiky/fimbriated, vivax does not

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20
Q

Briefly describe how the trophozoites look for each species of Plasmodium

A

Ovale = round and compact, unvacuolated, golden-brown pigment

Vivax = amoeboid with pseudopodia, vacuoles, golden-brown pigment

Malariae = band across RBC, dark pigment

Falciparum = multiple rings, “headphones”

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21
Q

The species of Plasmodium that has a gametocyte form that looks like a banana or crescent moon is…

A

Falciparum

  • RBC hemoglobin is gone, makes RBC look transparent
  • aka Laveran’s bib
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22
Q

A recent Plasmodium species is called…

A

Plasmodium knowlesi

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23
Q

2 classical types of slide preparations for malaria diagnosis

A

Thick blood film - screening for RBC inclusions

Thin blood film - RBC morphology, parasite morphology

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24
Q

How does Plasmodium falciparum cause organ failure?

A

Infected RBCs develop receptors that cause them to stick together and get clogged in arteries/capillaries

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25
Babesiosis - vector...
Ixodes dammini (tick)
26
Babesiosis - where does asexual reproduction happen? Where does sexual reproduction happen?
Human/mammal host Tick
27
A Giemsa-stained blood smear for babesiosis shows this in RBCs... Another name for it...
Tetrads Maltese cross -overlapping ring formation
28
How can we distinguish babesiosis from P. falciparum (2)?
Maltese cross No pigmentation/stippling in RBCs
29
Causative agents of babesiosis (3)
``` Babesia microti (rodents) Babesia gibsoni (canines) Babesia bovis (cattle) ``` -mnemonic: Mel Gibson's bovine
30
Causative agents of leishmaniasis (3). They are grouped into this category of blood pathogens
Leishmania donovani Leishmania tropica Leishmania braziliensis Hemoflagellates
31
The only hemoflagellate form without a flagella
Amastigote
32
Which form of leishmania do we usually see in the blood? Which form of leishmania do we usually see in tissue?
Trypomastigote Amastigote
33
L. donovani - common names. What does it cause?
Kala-Azar (black fever) or dum dum fever Visceral leishmaniasis
34
L. donovani - vector. What do they infect?
Phlebotomus sandfly Reticuloendothelial cells
35
L. donovani - which tissue or cells should we sample (3)?
Macrophages Bone marrow Tissue biopsy -Giemsa-stained
36
For all 3 leishmaniasis species - what is the infective form? What is the diagnostic form?
Promastigote Amastigote
37
L. tropica - common names. What does it cause?
Old World leishmaniasis, Oriental sore, Baghdad or Delhi boil Cutaneous leishmaniasis
38
L. tropica - vector. What do they infect?
Phlebotomus sandfly Skin lymphoid tissue
39
L. tropica - what sample should we take for diagnosis?
Fluid underneath ulcer bed | -Giemsa-stain
40
L. braziliensis - common names. What does it cause?
American leishmaniasis Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
41
L. braziliensis - vector. What do they infect?
Lutzomyia & Psychodopygus sandfly Reticuloendothelial cells
42
L. braziliensis - what sample should we take for diagnosis?
Ulcer biopsy | -Giemsa-stain
43
Causative agents of trypanosomiasis (3). They are grouped into this category of blood pathogens
Trypanosoma gambiense Trypanosoma rhodesiense Trypanosoma cruzi Hemoflagellates
44
T. gambiense - common names
West African sleeping sickness
45
T. gambiense - vector. What do they infect (2)?
Tsetse fly Lymphatic system CNS
46
Trypanosoma - infective form. Diagnostic form
Trypomastigote Trypomastigote
47
T. gambiense - what sample should we take for diagnosis (2)?
Lymph node aspirate CSF -Giemsa-stain
48
T. rhodesiense - common names
East African sleeping sickness | -more rapid than gambiense, fatal earlier
49
T. rhodesiense - vector. What do they infect (2)?
Glossina tsetse fly Lymphatic system CNS
50
T. rhodesiense - what sample should we take for diagnosis (2)?
Lymph node aspirate CSF -Giemsa-stain
51
T. cruzi - common names
Chagas' disease
52
T. cruzi - vector. What do they infect?
``` Reduviid bug (kissing or triatomid bug) -parasite actually in feces. Person scratches due to bite, allowing parasite to enter body ``` Multiple tissues - heart, brain, liver, eye
53
T. cruzi - what sample should we take for diagnosis?
Specimen of choice | -Giemsa-stain
54
Filariasis is caused by this group of worms. What's another name for them?
Nematodes Roundworms
55
What are the 2 forms for nematodes?
Microfilariae (larval form) | Adult worm
56
Filariasis - infective form? Diagnostic form?
Microfilariae Microfilariae
57
Features of nematodes under the microscope (3)
Threadlike fibers Multiple internal nuclei Sheath/flaps on ends
58
Causative agents of filariasis (4)
Brugia malayi Onchocerca volvulus Wuchereria bancrofti Loa loa -mnemonic = "bowl"
59
Wuchereria bancrofti - causes this disease. Vector
Elephantiasis Culex & Anopheles mosquitoes
60
A good indication of a parasitic infection is when this WBC rises in numbers
Eosinophils (eosinophilia)
61
Wuchereria bancrofti - periodicity. Tail nuclei presence....
Nocturnal No nuclei around tail -mnemonic: bancrofti is "bankrupt"
62
Brugia malayi - resembles what other nematode? Tail nuclei presence....
Wuchereria bancrofti - elephantiasis - sheath, nocturnal - Culex/Anopheles mosquito vectors 2 nuclei at tip of tail
63
Loa loa - causes this disease. Vector
Loiasis - African eye worm infection Chrysops deerfly
64
Loa loa - periodicity. What do they infect (2)?
Diurnal Blood Subcutaneous tissues
65
Loa loa - tail nuclei presence....
Continuous row of nuclei in tail | -mnemonic: Loa loa has "line" of nuclei in tail
66
Of the 4 important nematodes, this one does not possess a sheath
Onchocerca volvulus
67
Onchocerca volvulus - causes this disease. Vector
River blindness Simulium blackfly
68
Onchocerca volvulus - what do they infect (3)?
Subcutaneous tissue Skin Eye
69
Onchocerca volvulus - periodicity. Tail nuclei presence....
None - day or night - mnemonic: O. = zero Row of nuclei in tail but not in the tip -no sheath
70
All nematodes can be diagnosed by... Except for ___, which uses...
Giemsa-stained blood smear for microfilariae Onchocerca volvulus Skin snip Giemsa smears
71
Toxoplasmosis - caused by. Definitive host. Intermediate host
Toxoplasma gondii Domestic cats Humans - mice, cows, pigs - humans are dead end host
72
Toxoplasma - what mode of reproduction? What do they infect (2)?
Both sexual and asexual Lymphatic vessels Blood
73
Toxoplasma - modes of transmission (3)
Oral-fecal -from cat feces Contaminated meats Transplacental (in utero) -do TORCH test
74
Toxoplasma - lab diagnosis
Serology (ELISA, IFA) IgG antibodies - infected at some point - IgM = recent
75
Lyme disease - caused by... Vector. Reservoirs
Borrelia burgdorferi Ixodes dammini tick Mice, deer
76
Ioxdes dammini tick - how many forms does it have? Which form is infective?
Larval (6 legs) Adult (8 legs) = infective
77
How long does the Ixodes dammini tick need to penetrate the skin and cause Lyme disease?
36 hours
78
Lyme disease - lab diagnosis
ELISA, IFA Confirm with western blot, PCR History

CLS 753 (12 decks)

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