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π“œπ‘’π’Ήπ’Ύπ’Έπ’Άπ“ π“œπ’Ύπ’Έπ“‡π‘œπ’·π’Ύπ‘œπ“π‘œπ‘”π“Ž > Parasitology > Flashcards

Parasitology Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

What is the definition of a parasite?

A

➝ A parasite is an organism that lives on or in a host organism and gets food from or at expense of the host

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2
Q

What are the three classes of parasite that can cause disease in humans?

A

➝ Protozoa
➝ Helminths
➝ Ectoparasites

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3
Q

What are protozoa?

A

➝ single celled, microscopic organisms that can be free-living of parasitic in nature

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4
Q

How can intestinal protozoa be transmitted?

A

➝ fecal-oral route

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5
Q

How can blood or tissue protozoa be transmitted?

A

➝ Arthropod vector

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6
Q

How are protozoa classified?

A

➝ The mode of movement

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7
Q

What are the 4 types of protozoa?

A

➝ Amoeba
➝ Flagellates
➝ Ciliates
➝ Sporozoa

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8
Q

What is an example of an amoeba?

A

➝ Entamoeba

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9
Q

What are two examples of a flagellate?

A

➝ Giardia

➝ Leishmania

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10
Q

What is an example of a ciliate?

A

➝ balantidium

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11
Q

What is a sporozoa and give an example?

A

➝ Organisms whose adult stage is not motile

➝ plasmodium and cryptosporidium

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12
Q

What does entamoeba histolytica cause?

A

➝ amoebic dysentery which presents with loss of epithelium

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13
Q

What does giardia lamblia cause?

A

➝ Diarrhoea

➝ Epithelial damage and blunting of microvilli

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14
Q

What does trichomonas vaginalis cause?

A

➝ Vaginal discharge

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15
Q

How is toxoplasma gondii transmitted?

A

➝ through cat feces

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16
Q

What can cryptosporidium cause?

A

➝ Epidemic diarrhoea

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17
Q

What type of infection is cryptosporidium and who does it affect?

A

➝ Opportunistic infection that arises in immunosuppressed people

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18
Q

What type of an infection is leishmania?

A

➝ Protozoal

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19
Q

What does leishmania cause?

A

➝ severe systemic illness and cutaneous disease

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20
Q

What disease does trypanosoma cruzi cause and where is it endemic to?

A

➝ Chagas disease

➝ South America

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21
Q

What disease does trypanosoma brucei cause?

A

➝ African sleeping sickness

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22
Q

What are helminths?

A

➝ Large multicellular organisms (worms) generally visible to the naked eye in their adult stages

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23
Q

What are the three main groups of helminths that are human parasites?

A

➝ Nematodes (roundworms)
➝ Trematodes (flukes)
➝ Cestodes (tapeworms)

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24
Q

What are 4 examples of soil transmitted helminths?

A

➝ Ascaris lumbricoides
➝ Trichuris trichuria
➝ hookworm
➝ enterobius vermicularis

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25
What are the two important types of nematodes?
➝ Soil transmitted helminths | ➝ Filarial parasites
26
What are 4 examples of filarial parasites (helminths)?
➝ Wuchereria bancrofti ➝ Loa loa ➝ Onchocerca volvulus ➝Dracunculus medinesis
27
What does Wuchereria bancrofti cause?
➝ Elephantiasis
28
What are two other important helminths other than the filarial parasites and soil transmitted helminths?
➝ Toxocara canis/cati | ➝ trichinella spiralis
29
Give 4 examples of medically important trematodes?
➝ Schistosoma mansoni/haematobium/japonicum ➝ Clornochis sinensis ➝ Fasciola hepatica ➝ Paragonimus
30
What does paragonimus cause?
➝ TB like illness
31
What does clornochis sinensis cause?
➝ Cholangiocarcinoma
32
Give 3 examples of medically important cestodes?
➝ Taenia saginata ➝ Taenia solium ➝ Echinococcus granulosus
33
What can taenia solium cause?
➝ cysts in the brain
34
What can echinococcus granulosus cause?
➝ hydatid disease
35
What are ectoparasites?
➝ Blood sucking arthropods such as ticks,fleas, lice and mites that attach or burrow into the skin and remain there for relatively long periods of time (weeks to months)
36
What are 2 examples of mites?
➝ Scabies | ➝ Trombiculid
37
What are two types of ticks?
➝ hard | ➝ soft
38
What are three types of lice?
➝ Pediculus humanus capitis ➝ Pediculus humanus humanus ➝ Pthirus pubis
39
What are the two types of parasitic host?
➝ Intermediate | ➝ Definitive
40
What is an intermediate host?
➝ a host in which larvae or asexual stages develop
41
What is a definitive host?
➝ a host in which the adult or sexual stage occurs
42
What are the two types of parasitic vectors?
➝ Mechanical | ➝ Biological
43
What is a mechanical vector?
➝ When there is no development of the parasite in the vector
44
What is a biological vector?
➝ When some stages of the life cycle of the parasite occur in the vector
45
Describe the life cycle of schistosomiasis?
➝ you walk in water contaminated by human feces ➝ the eggs develop into miracidia which infect the intermediate hosts which are snails ➝ the snail becomes an amplifier and there is asexual reproduction in the cell called cercariae ➝ the cercariae infect the humans ➝ they develop into adults in the host ➝ the adults undergo sexual reproduction and the female releases eggs
46
Where are most parasitic infections from?
➝ Animals
47
What is DALY?
➝ Disease adjusted life years
48
Why is DALY a unit of measurement?
➝ Many infections are not fatal but they cause chronic illness ➝ DALY measures the amount of disability years
49
How can feco-oral route using parasites be eradicated without medication?
➝ Household sanitation ➝ Access to clean water ➝ personal hygiene behaviors
50
How can food route using parasites be eradicated without medication?
➝ Animal husbandry ➝ Surveillance ➝ Government control and regulation
51
Describe how Chagas disease occurs?
➝ Reduviidae bugs feed on the human and defecate ➝ when the bite is scratches you can scratch the feces into your skin ➝ the parasite enters and multiplies in nerve or muscle cells ➝ the cells rupture releasing thousands of trypomastigotes that can be taken up by the bug again
52
Where is Chagas disease endemic to?
➝ latin and south america
53
What is parasite is Chagas disease caused by?
➝ Trypanosoma Cruzi
54
What are the three phases of Chagas disease?
➝ Acute ➝ Chronic 'indeterminate' ➝ Chronic 'determinate'
55
What are the three characteristics of the acute phase of Chagas disease?
➝ incubation 1-2 weeks after bite ➝ upto months after transfusion ➝ trypanosoma in blood
56
What are the 5 characteristics of the chronic 'indeterminate' phase of Chagas disease?
``` ➝ Lifelong infection ➝ generally trypanosomes detectable but often positive for parasite DNA ➝ seropositive ➝ 60-70% of infected ➝ normal ECG and X-rays ```
57
What are the 3 characteristics of the 'determinate' chronic phase of Chagas disease?
➝ seropositive ➝ 30-40% infected ➝ 10-30 years after infection
58
What % of people develop chronic Chagas after the acute disease?
➝ 5-10%
59
What are the symptoms of acute Chagas disease?
``` ➝ Local swelling (romana) ➝ nodule or chagoma ➝ fever ➝ anorexia ➝ lymphadenopathy ```
60
When do the symptoms of acute Chagas disease occur within and how long do they last?
➝ 3 weeks | ➝ symptoms last 8-10 weeks
61
What are the rare complications of acute Chagas disease?
➝ Hepatosplenomegaly ➝ Acute myocarditis ➝ Meningoencephalitis ➝ Fatality <5% of symptomatic
62
What are the cardiac effects of chronic Chagas disease?
➝ There is damage to the conduction system of the heart ➝ this causes arrhythmia ➝ damage to the heart muscle wall causing cardiomyopathy ➝ apical aneurysms can occur ➝sudden death due to arrhythmia is common
63
What % of people with chronic Chagas disease are affected with digestive issues?
➝ 10-15%
64
What digestive organs are most affected in chronic Chagas?
➝ Esophagus ➝ rectum ➝ sigmoid colon
65
What are the complications of a megacolon during Chagas disease?
``` ➝ Fecaloma ➝ Obstruction ➝ Sigmoid volvulus ➝ Ulceration ➝ perforation ```
66
What is the presentation of a megacolon?
➝ constipation
67
Describe the progression from acute Chagas to chronic?
➝ Acute illness occurs that is not symptomatic ➝ Parasites appear in the blood ➝ the immune response starts to control the parasite numbers and you go into the indeterminate phase ➝ after many years there is development of chronic Chagas disease
68
What is tissue damage in acute Chagas caused by?
➝ Tissue damage caused by the inflammatory response to parasite in nests of amastigotes in cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscle
69
How does parasite killing occur in acute Chagas?
➝ Parasite killing by antibodies ➝ activated innate immune response ➝ Th1 inflammatory cytokines
70
What is the immune response to Chagas in the indeterminate phase characterised by?
➝ IL-10 and IL-7
71
What is the type of immune response to Chagas in the chronic phase?
➝ Chronic inflammatory response to persistent parasites in muscle and nerve cells

π“œπ‘’π’Ήπ’Ύπ’Έπ’Άπ“ π“œπ’Ύπ’Έπ“‡π‘œπ’·π’Ύπ‘œπ“π‘œπ‘”π“Ž (17 decks)

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