Parasitology - Ectoparasiticides

Question 1

Parasiticide

Answer 1

Drug that kills parasites

Question 2

Pesticide

Answer 2

Drug used for external parasites/arthropods

Question 3

Insecticides

Answer 3

Kills insects

Question 4

Acaricide

Answer 4

Kills ticks and mites

Question 5

Pesticide regulation

Answer 5

FDA can authorize drugs for animals

Question 6

who approves drugs absorbed through the skin?

Answer 6

FDA

Question 7

Who approves drugs with external activity?

Answer 7

EPA
Environmental protection agency

Question 8

How are pesticide efficacy measured?

Answer 8

Treat (or remove)
EPA & FDA require 90% removal of existing parasite burden

Question 9

How is efficacy of control pesticides measured?

Answer 9

EPA requires that the pesticide eliminates at least 90% of organisms after exposed to treatment

Question 10

How is efficacy of repellent measured?

Answer 10

EPA only
Distrusts normal behavior during host seeking
Time period not specific

Question 11

Types of pesticides

Answer 11

Direct lethal or repellant action
Or
Interfere with normal growth or development

Question 12

Knock-down

Answer 12

Agents with quick rapid action

Question 13

Speed of kill

Answer 13

How long a pesticide takes to have its effect

Question 14

Repellency

Answer 14

Vapor repellent (citronella): may or may not get on host
Contact repellent: arthropod has to touch the compound

Question 15

Spot/pour on treatments

Answer 15

Applied over small area
Surface diffusion: spreads over animal surface
Transcutaneous: absorbed & distributed through blood

Question 16

Synergistic actions of pesticides

Answer 16

Agent that acts with or enhanced activity of another
Common in pesticides

Question 17

Synergism that slows down metabolism of active pesticides

Answer 17

Piperonyl butoxide
N-octyl bicycleheptene

Question 18

Compounds affecting growth & development

Answer 18

Kill bc organism can’t complete normal growth - don’t effect adults

Question 19

IDI

Answer 19

Insect development inhibitors

Question 20

How does IDI work?

Answer 20

Synthesis of Chitin inhibitors

Question 21

Examples of IDI

Answer 21

Lufenuron
Cyromazine

Question 22

IGR

Answer 22

Insect growth regulators

Question 23

Functions and examples of IGR

Answer 23

Juvenile hormone analogs
Methoprene
Pyriproxyfen

Question 24

Modes of compound administration

Answer 24

Topical
Combined w adultcide in small animals
Oral feed - common in LA
Environmental use

Question 25

Common use with compound pesticides

Answer 25

Effective in SA Low toxicity Commonly used for fleas (SA) and flies (LA)

Question 26

Older fashioned pesticides

Answer 26

Less expensive Less target specific More common OTC

Question 27

New fashioned pesticides

Answer 27

More expensive Host specific (less toxicity) Require vet sale

Question 28

Common themes of pesticides on the market

Answer 28

Lots of pesticide drug groups, limited ways they work More than 1 group can work at same sites but different molecular route Different groups work differently, similar chemical compounds

Question 29

Botanicals

Answer 29

Pyrethrins Plant products OTC prep Short acting - metabolized by light

Question 30

What type of pesticide is metabolized by light?

Answer 30

Pyrethrins, botanicals

Question 31

Mode of Pyrethrin action

Answer 31

Increased permeability of neuronal membranes (for NA) Hyper excitability and death Repellent activity

Question 32

Method of pyrethrin application

Answer 32

Topical - not absorbed, can be licked off Sprays, dusts, shampoos, environmental Safe = rapidly metabolized

Question 33

Pyrethoid compounds

Answer 33

Synthetic, more persistent in environment, same mode, same effect same spectrum: insecticidal & acaricidal

Question 34

How many generations of pyrethroids?

Answer 34

5

Question 35

Which generation of pyrethroids are more potent?

Answer 35

3rd generation

Question 36

Suffix for pyrethroids

Answer 36

“Thrin”

Question 37

Which species can pyrethrins be lethal in?

Answer 37

Cats

Question 38

Which pyrethroids derivative is used in small animal products?

Answer 38

Etofenprox

Question 39

Which pesticide lasts longer?

Answer 39

Pyrethroids - more potent too

Question 40

Which pesticide has greater toxic potential?

Answer 40

Pyrethroids - more potent

Question 41

Organophosphate, carbamates use

Answer 41

Not commonly used due to safety issues

Question 42

Function of organophosphate & carbamates

Answer 42

Inhibits acetylcholinesterase = persistent depolarization of membrane

Question 43

Target species for organophosphate & carbamates

Answer 43

Insecticidal & acaricidal

Question 44

Groups of newer pesticides

Answer 44

Macrocyclic lactose’s Neonicotinoids Spinosyns Isoxazolines Phenlprazole

Question 45

Macrocyclic lactones

Answer 45

Endectocides Activity against internal & external parasites Derived from products made by soil fungus

Question 46

Two subgroups of macrocyclic lactones

Answer 46

Milbemycins Avermectins

Question 47

Subgroups of avermectins

Answer 47

Ivermectin Doramectin Eprinomectin Selamectin

Question 48

Subgroups of milbemycins

Answer 48

Milbemycin Moxidectin

Question 49

Mode of action in macrocyclic lactones

Answer 49

Bind to glutamate gated chloride channels = hyper-polarization of nerves/muscles

Question 50

Multiple effects of macrocyclic lactones on muscles

Answer 50

Paralysis of muscles Affects parasite reproduction Some have persistent activity, affected by formulation /route

Question 51

Spectrum of action for macrocyclic lactones

Answer 51

Insecticidal, acaricidal - dependent on drug, form, parasite

Question 52

Modes of administration

Answer 52

Oral, spot-on, pour-on, injection, feed additives Topical - best for ectoparasites Topical become absorbed & become systemic

Question 53

Neonicotinoids drugs

Answer 53

Imidacloprid Nitenpyram Dinotefuran

Question 54

Spectrum of action for Neonicotinoids

Answer 54

Insecticide - NOT acaricide Most useful for fleas

Question 55

Toxicity of Neonicotinoids

Answer 55

Low in vertebrates - different receptors Big concern for honeybees & invertebrates

Question 56

Spinosyns drugs

Answer 56

Spinosad Spinetoram

Question 57

Mechanism of action of Spinosyns

Answer 57

Activate acetylcholine receptor but bind to a different location than Neonicotinoids

Question 58

Spectrum of action for Spinosyns

Answer 58

Insecticidal, some acaricidal Small animals for fleas

Question 59

Risk & administration of Spinosyns

Answer 59

Low toxicity Topical & oral Derived from soil bacterium

Question 60

Phenylpyrazole drugs

Answer 60

Fipronil

Question 61

spectrum of phenylpyrazoles

Answer 61

Insecticide & acaricide

Question 62

Mode of action of phenylpyrazoles

Answer 62

Binds to GABA receptors, limited effect in mammals Don’t use on rabbits & fish

Question 63

Mode of administration of phenylpyrazoles

Answer 63

Topical Lipophilic - dogs shouldn’t be washed 2 weeks prior for ideal absorption (Can also kill honey bees)

Question 64

Isoxazolines drugs

Answer 64

Afoxolaner Fluralaner (bravecto) Sarolaner (simparica) Lotilaner

Question 65

Spectrum of action for Isoxazolines

Answer 65

Insecticidal & acaricidal - highly effective

Question 66

Mode of action of Isoxazolines

Answer 66

Binds to GABA & glutamate gated chloride (different receptor than macrocyclic lactones) Specific to arthropods

Question 67

Formulations & administration of Isoxazolines

Answer 67

Oral & topical “Eat to kill products” only works if blood is ingested Prevents disease from Babesia & Borrelia (transmit after attachment for 24 h)

Question 68

Side effects of Isoxazolines

Answer 68

Only problem is if DOG has history of neurological problems - can amplify problems

Question 69

Miscellaneous pesticides

Answer 69

Lime sulfur Boric acid DE

Question 70

Natural pesticide products

Answer 70

No scientific studies to support efficacy Neem essential oil Electronic collars Amber