Parasitology Exam 3- Flashcards
(183 cards)
1
Q
Trichuris Trichiura:
common name ?
A
whipworm
2
Q
Trichuris Trichiura:
life cycle ?
A
eggs: unembryonated when out in feces –> embryonated after 21 days (moist and shay soil)
human: swallows eggs –> hatch in small intestine –> enter intestinal crypts of large intestine
3
Q
Trichuris Trichiura:
def and int host ?
A
humans
none
4
Q
Trichuris Trichiura:
target organ ?
A
large intestine/rectum
5
Q
Trichuris Trichiura:
difference between male and female ?
A
males: smaller and curly end
6
Q
Trichuris Trichiura:
what happens when infection is intense ?
A
dysentery (intense diarrhea), anemia, growth retardation, rectal prolapse, finger and toe clubbing (swollen)
7
Q
Trichinella spiralis:
common name ?
A
porkworm
8
Q
Trichuris Trichiura:
symptoms when >100 worms ?
A
asymptomatic
9
Q
Trichinella spiralis:
target organ ?
A
intestine
10
Q
Trichinella spiralis:
life cycle ?
A
eats contamined undercooked pork –> J1 released in stomach –> undergo 4 molts in small intestine –> copulation/sex within mucosal epithelium
11
Q
Trichinella spiralis:
how does J1 get fed ?
A
trick muscle cells instead of destroying them –> act like a virus to raise angiogenic factor (creates blood vessels) –> turns them into nurse cells (J1 gets fed)
12
Q
Trichinella spiralis:
def and int host ?
A
humans (low host specificity)
pigs/humans
can be interchangeable (cannibalistic)
13
Q
Trichinella spiralis:
which viparous ?
A
ovoviviparous
14
Q
Trichinella spiralis:
what happens when Js die in host ?
A
calcify/harden in cadavers –> dulls scalpel being used to cut up body
15
Q
Trichinella spiralis: video ?
A
a dancer that got hives for 2 months then stiff joints
had high WBC
16
Q
Ascaris lumbricoides:
which viparous ?
A
oviparous
17
Q
Ascaris lumbricoides:
def and int host ?
A
humans
none
18
Q
Ascaris lumbricoides:
life cycle ?
what if it’s not swallowed in the correct J ?
A
swallow J3 –> hatch in duodenum (1st part of s. intest.) –> penetrate s. intest. venules –> go through pulmonary circulation and breaks out of capillaries –> molt J3 - J4 in lungs and migrate up trachea –> swallowed again –> pass through stomach and mature in s. intest.
*if not J3: it will be destroyed
19
Q
Ascaris lumbricoides:
target organ ?
A
small intestine
20
Q
Ascaris lumbricoides:
how are the eggs ?
A
have mammalian bumps
21
Q
Ascaris lumbricoides:
what happens when females > males
A
go out looking for the hoes –> mistake the pyloric sphincter for the male post. end –> come out of nasal and oral cavity –> blocks airway –> death
22
Q
Ascaris lumbricoides:
symptoms ?
A
edema
obstructions cause death
23
Q
Ascaris lumbricoides:
video ?
A
Britney’s doctor heard congestion in lungs and faint wheezing
adult worms live undetected in digestive tract for years
fever made body too hot for worms –> wanna leave –> get into airway –> cough up worms
24
Q
Ascaris lumbricoides:
are snails an epidemiological factor ?
A
no
25
Strongyloides stercoralis:
what gender is found ?
females since males not parasitic
26
Strongyloides stercoralis:
common name ?
threadworm
27
Strongyloides stercoralis:
def and int host ?
humans
none
28
Strongyloides stercoralis:
what are:
rhabditiforms
filariform
which is an epidemiological factor ?
worms are nonparasitic (don't penetrates skin) when <34C
worms turn parasitic (penetrates skin) when >34C
- epidemiological factor (filariform)
29
Strongyloides stercoralis:
life cycle ?
penetrate skin --> go to small intest. via lungs and molts to J4 --> coughed up and swallowed
*autoinfection if J1 hatches and molts twice to J3 before exiting in feces
30
Strongyloides stercoralis:
target organ ?
small intest.
31
Strongyloides stercoralis:
what is urocanic acid released by skin used for ?
cue for skin penetration
32
Strongyloides stercoralis:
what are the 3 pathology stages ?
1. invasive: itching at entry site, slight hemorrhage, swelling
2. pulmonary (when females migrating and bursting out): burning sensation in chest, non-productive cough, pneumonia
3. intestinal: worms migrate randomly through mucosa: intense burning sensation in abdomen, intestinal ulceration and septicemia (blood poisoning when bacteria enters bloodstream)
33
Strongyloides stercoralis:
epidemiological factor ?
transmammary infection (mom's milk)
34
Strongyloides stercoralis:
reservoir host ?
cats and dogs
35
Strongyloides stercoralis:
video ?
doctor:
hiding in body for 60 years
has inflammatory bowel disease but treatment make condition worse
surgery finds small valve swollen to twice its normal size
36
Onchocerca volvulus:
def and int host ?
humans
black fly
37
Onchocerca volvulus:
life cycle ?
microfilariae penetrate fly midgut and molt twice --> infective J3 (filariform) move to fly mouth parts --> fly bites you
38
Onchocerca volvulus:
target organ ?
skin
39
Onchocerca volvulus:
which viparous ?
ovoviviparous
40
Onchocerca volvulus:
symptoms
River blindness, wolbachia (very antogenic symbiotic bacteria) leads to blindness and suicidal itch, hanging groin (where leg and torso connect), elephantiasis (damages lymphatic and vessels that pick up fluid from leaking capillaries dont work)
41
Onchocerca volvulus:
difference between black fly in S. america and Africa ?
S. America: bites waist up
Africa: bites waist down
42
Dirofilaria immitis:
life cycle ?
microfilariae in infected mosquitos develop into J3 in GI tract --> J3 moves to proboscis --> bites and infects new host
43
Onchocerca volvulus:
the J3 hanging outside of onchocercoma look like ?
when inside ?
ramen noodles
angel hair
44
Dirofilaria immitis:
target organ ?
right side of heart
45
Dirofilaria immitis:
common name ?
heartworm
46
Dirofilaria immitis:
def and int host ?
dogs and cats (rarer but more dangerous sine they smaller)
female mosquitos
47
Dirofilaria immitis:
which viparous ?
ovoviviparous
48
Dirofilaria immitis:
pathology ?
symptoms ?
blood pumped out comes back in since no tight seal of valves
respiratory distress, vomiting, chronic cough, exercise intolerance
49
Dirofilaria immitis:
is heartworm found in all 50 states (dogs)?
yes, so there is medicine required
50
Dirofilaria immitis:
can humans be infected ?
rare unless you lack strong immune system
51
Wuchereria bancrofti:
target organ ?
lymphatic system
52
Wuchereria bancrofti:
def and int host ?
humans
night feeding mosquitos
53
Wuchereria bancrofti:
life cycle ?
microfilariae penetrate gut of mosquito --> molt twice in thoracic muscle -->J3 moves to proboscis
54
Wuchereria bancrofti:
which viparous ?
ovoviviparous
55
Loa loa:
def and int host ?
humans
deer flies
56
Wuchereria bancrofti:
3 stages of pathology ?
1. asymptomatic: large portion
2. inflammatory (acute): caused by the wolbachia
- can lead to lymphedema (lymph fluid build up) and and hydrocele (fluid in scrotum)
3. obstructive: repeated attacks lead to elephantiasis
57
Loa loa:
target organ ?
eyes
58
Loa loa:
life cycle ?
adults migrate though subcutaneous (back, chest, axilla, groin, penis, scalp, eyes) connective tissue of body -->
59
Loa loa:
common name ?
eyeworm
60
Loa loa:
which viparous ?
ovoviviparous (no wolbachia)
61
Loa loa:
difference between loa loa and wuchereria
day vs night
62
Loa loa:
pathology ?
worms wandering = fugitive swelling
intense itch, athralgia (joint pain), fatigue
infection of deep tissue, fatal elephantiasis
63
Loa loa:
where ?
C and W Africa
64
Loa loa:
what does it mean that they have diurnal periodicity ?
daylight in peripheral blood vs night in lungs
65
Anisakis simplex:
def and int host ?
marine mammals
marine fish or squid, crustaceans
66
Anisakis simplex:
life cycle ?
eggs become embryonated in water --> J's molt once to become j2 in egg --> J2 hatches --> crustacean eats it --> molts into J3 inside --> fish eats it and parasite grows --> either another fish eats it (fish to fish predation) or a whale eats it
when fish is dead, J3 go to muscle tissues
67
Anisakis simplex:
target organ ?
stomach
68
Anisakis simplex:
which viparous ?
oviparous
69
which parasite isn't a filarial ?
Anisakis simplex
70
Onchocera volvulus:
what are onchocercomas ?
encapsulated adult worms under skin (collagen fibers)
71
Anisakis simplex:
accidental host ?
humans (eat undercooked fish)
72
Anisakis simplex:
pathology ?
symptoms ?
begin 1-12 hours when J's penetrate stomach
14 days after: intestinal penetration
extreme gastric pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hives
severe Ig-E mediated hypersensitivity reactions
*allergy symptoms
73
Anisakis simplex:
what happens if you come across worm again even if cooked ?
it'll trigger immune response
74
Anisakis simplex:
what are the cases in W. Eur for ?
herring (fish)
75
Anisakis simplex:
what are the cases in Spain for ?
ceviche
76
Anisakis simplex:
what doesn't help reach critical temperature to get rid of parasite ?
pickling, smoking, freezing
77
Enterobius Vermicularis:
def and int host ?
humans
none
78
Enterobius Vermicularis:
target organ ?
ileocecal region (last part of s. intest.)
79
Enterobius Vermicularis:
life cycle ?
males die after copulation
females lay eggs onto perianal skin and die
80
Enterobius Vermicularis:
common name ?
pinworm
81
Enterobius Vermicularis:
what do they eat ?
bacteria
82
Enterobius Vermicularis:
how are the eggs ?
what does this allow them to do ?
flat bottom, round top
can be airborne
83
Enterobius Vermicularis:
retroinfection ?
kids don't wipe correctly --> eggs hatch in dirty parts still there --> able to go back into anus and reproduce
84
which parasites migrate when we sleeping ?
Enterobius Vermicularis and Ascaris Lumbricoides
85
Enterobius Vermicularis:
symptoms ?
high numbers ?
1/3 asymptomatic
damage by worms attached within intestine cause ulcerations --> mild inflammation and bacterial infection
egg deposition damages --> itchy butt (kids scratch so much skin can break and worsen infection)
86
Enterobius Vermicularis:
where else can they end up ?
what can happen ?
vulva (mild irritation), vagina, uterus, oviducts
if it dies in oviduct, it causes scar tissue formation and can prevent sperm from reaching egg
87
Enterobius Vermicularis:
epidemiology ?
breathing tbh
contaminated clothing and bedding
1 person infected = everybody infected
88
Enterobius Vermicularis:
common ?
very so there is over the counter medicine
89
Ancylostoma duodenale:
def and int host ?
humans
none
90
Ancylostoma duodenale:
target organ ?
small intestine
91
Ancylostoma duodenale:
life cycle ?
newly hatched J1s live in feces and feed on fecal matter --> undergo 2 molts into J3 --> live in soil for several weeks --> J3 penetrates skin --> travel via blood vessels to heart and then to lungs --> coughed up and re-swallowed --> molt twice to adult in small intestine
92
Ancylostoma duodenale:
what is required for eggs ?
warmth, shade, moisture
93
Ancylostoma duodenale:
3 stages of pathology ?
1. cutaneous phase: ground itch cause of bacterial infection
- cutaneous larval migrants since some spp. dont infect humans and get confused
2. pulmonary phase: dry coughing and sore throat as worms break out of capillaries
3. intestinal phase: attach to mucosa and suck blood --> iron deficiency anemia
94
Ancylostoma duodenale:
common name ?
hookworm
95
Ancylostoma duodenale:
can it be fatal ?
yes, since they take 0.26 mL of blood a day per worm (high number = high blood loss)
96
which is more intense Ancylostoma duodenale or N. Americana ?
Ancylostoma duodenale
97
Ancylostoma duodenale:
epidemiology ?
night soil
98
Ancylostoma duodenale:
what temperature is optimal for J's ?
23-30C
99
Ancylostoma duodenale:
study ?
feral cats in FL:
75% infected with A. tubaeforme
33% with A. braziliense (associated with cutaneous larval migrants)
100
How does Albendazole work ?
prevents microtubule polymerization --> impaired uptake of glucose
*broad
101
How does Ivermectin work ?
how does it affect microfilariae vs adults differently ?
binds to and activates glutamate-gated Cl- channels on neurons and myocytes --> reduces/inhibits neurotransmission
only effective against microfilariae
paralyses adults
102
How does Pyrantel pamoate (Reese's Pinworm Medicine) work ?
depolarizes neuromuscular blocking agent by opening Na+ channels (flows out) --> sudden contraction --> paralysis of worms
103
What are C. elegans ?
a nonparasitic nematode that serves as model organism
1st used to observe its connectome
1st multicellular organism to be genome sequenced
104
Nematoda:
what reproductive system do nematodes have ?
dioecious
105
Nematoda:
whats the difference between
106
Nematoda:
107
Nematoda:
108
Nematoda:
what type of digestive tract ?
complete
109
Nematoda:
what is the body wall ?
cuticle, body wall musculature, and hypodermis (1 dorsal and 1 ventral with longitudinal nerve trunks divide body into 4 quadrants and 2 lateral (mushroom shaped)
allow it to move in S mortion
110
Nematoda:
common name ?
roundworms
111
Nematoda:
how many times must it molt ?
4
112
Nematoda:
what makes up the hydrostatic skeleton ?
body wall + fluid-filled mesodermal lining
113
Nematoda:
what is a pseudocoel ?
fluid filled (hemolymph) cavity enclosed by body wall
114
Nematoda:
what allows the worm to move ?
enclosed volume of non-compressible fluid (hemolymph)
ability of muscle contraction to apply pressure to fluid (keeps worm firm)
pressure in all directions
115
Nematoda:
what allows worm to move in S-like fashion ?
contraction and relaxation of dorsal and ventral muscles
116
Nematoda:
what are the 2 main concentrations of nerve elements:
1. in esophageal region (anterior part) that comes in contact with evr.
2. in anal region important for sex
117
Nematoda:
what opens mouth ?
buccal muscles contracting
118
Nematoda:
how does food pass down ?
via muscle contractions
119
Nematoda:
what closes mouth ?
hydrostatic pressure
120
Nematoda:
how is the path of food kept (mouth to anus) ?
posterior bulb acts as a one way valve muscle so food won't spill from mouth
121
Nematoda:
what pushes food down and how ?
peristalsis moves S-like to push it down
122
Nematoda:
how to open and close anus ?
contract to open
relax to lose
123
Nematoda:
what food do they eat ?
blood, tissue cells, fluids, intestinal contents
124
what is the difference between oviparous, viviparous, ovoviviparous ? (examples)
oviparous: lay eggs; birds
viviparous: live birth; humans
ovoviviparous: live birth but young nourished directly by parent; seahorses
125
vectors for ascaris lumbricoides ?
roaches and flies
126
Nematoda:
what is a pseudopodium ?
fake foot that spermatozoa uses to move
127
Nematoda:
what is a cloaca ?
where ejaculatory duct opens into rectum
128
Nematoda:
what is weird about the female central vulva ?
its closer to the anterior end instead of near anus
129
Trypanosomatidaes:
what are the characteristics ?
microparasite
hemoflagellates (in blood)
heterotrophic
heteroxenous
130
what does heteroxenous mean ?
parasite that lives within more than one host during life cycle (DH and IH)
131
Trypanosomatidaes:
what are the stages ? differences ?
which are intra vs intercellular ?
Trypomastigote: tail at most posterior end to nucleus
Epimastigote: anterior to nucleus
Promastigote: most anterior to nucleus; no undulating membrane
intercellular
Amastigote: intracellular
132
Trypanosomatidaes:
what is the undulating membrane like ? why ?
trigger fish, knife fish, and gun fish
wave-like movement
133
Trypanosomatidaes:
flagellum pushes or pulls ?
pulls
134
Trypanosomatidaes:
which way is the head ?
where the tail is
135
Trypanosoma brucei:
what are the 3 indistinguishable subspecies ? def hosts ? disease ?
1. T. b. brucei: livestock
- nagana (fever, weight loss, death)
2. T. b. gambiense:
- chronic human sleeping sickness (slower)
3. T. b. rhodesiense:
- acute human sleeping sickness (faster, deadlier)
136
Trypanosoma brucei:
int host ?
tse tse fly
137
Trypanosoma brucei:
target organ ?
CSF and lymph fluid
138
Trypanosoma brucei:
life cycle ?
multiplies in midgut of fly through binary fission (asexual) --> migrate to salivary glands and become epimastigote --> multiply --> transform into metacylic trypomastigote (infective)
139
Trypanosoma brucei:
infectious stage ?
metacylic trypomastigote
140
Trypanosoma brucei:
symptoms ?
ulcers at bite site
fever, genaralized pain, headache, weakness, cramps, Winterbottom's sign (swollen lymph nodes)
141
Trypanosoma brucei:
difference between gambiense and rhodesiense ?
gambiense: acute human sleeping sickness
weight loss, heart problems, death within month
C. and W. Africa
rhodesiense: chronic human sleeping sickness
host survives longer (gives parasite time to attack CNS)
tremors, mental dullness, apathy (mentally tired), lethargia (physically tired), death
E. Africa
142
Trypanosoma brucei:
way to remember gambiense ?
sounds like "game" --> who likes games? --> kids --> chronic (always on the game)
143
Trypanosoma brucei:
slave trade ?
Winterbottom connected symptoms = parasite
- got bad rep although he was anti-slavery
- benefited racists
slave found with symptoms killed
144
Trypanosoma brucei:
reservoir host ?
antelope
145
Trypanosoma brucei:
were vaccines successful ?
not successful since parasite changes its antogenic surface code (tricks immune system the moment it's about to kill it)
146
Trypanosoma cruzi:
def and int host ?
humans
kissing bug
147
Trypanosoma cruzi:
target organ ?
heart
148
Trypanosoma cruzi:
infectious stage ?
metacylic trypomastigate
149
Trypanosoma cruzi:
life cycle ?
kissing bugs take blood meal (has anesthetic so you won't feel it) and shit on you to make more space --> anesthetic wears off and you scratch face --> 50% gets into bite wound and other 50% into mucous membrane (eye) --> amastigote form and multiply --> trypomastigote released --> get into cells of spleen, liver, lymphatics, cardiac smooth and skeletal muscle --> become amastigote and multiple --> trypomastigate released --> kissing bug picks it up --> epimastigote transform into metacylic trypomastigote in midgut fir infection
150
Trypanosoma cruzi:
what does the kissing bug's bite wound form ?
pseudocysts that pop and cause inflammation that destroys surrounding tissue
151
Trypanosoma cruzi:
disease ?
Chaga's disease (due to pseudocyst rupture)
- destroys autonomic ganglia --> megaesophagus and megacolon
- destroys nerve ganglia --> heart disease and elarged heart
152
Trypanosoma cruzi:
symptoms ?
Romana's sign: swelling and edema of eye
153
70% of cardiac cases in N. and S. America are due to what parasite ?
trypanosoma cruzi
154
Trypanosoma cruzi:
epidemiological factors ?
thatched roofs (made of plants) and cracked walls
155
Trypanosoma cruzi:
how is it similar to HIV and AIDS ?
- health disparities (affect less-fortunate)
- chronic conditions
- require prolonged treatment
- expensive treatment
156
Trypanosoma cruzi:
reservoir hosts ?
cats and dogs, opossums, armadillos, wood rats
157
Leishmania donovani:
where ?
Mediterranean, China, Thailand, Africa, Pakistan, S. America, India, Sumatra
158
Leishmania donovani:
disease and pathology ?
Kala-azar:
low grade fever and malaise (malestar)
destroys phagocytic cells
hypertrophy of liver and spleen (cells grow bigger)
progressive wasting and anemia
*death in 2-3 years if untreated
159
Leishmania donovani:
reservoir host ?
dogs
160
Leishmania donovani:
def and int host ?
humans
sandfly
161
Leishmania donovani:
infectious stage ?
promastigote
162
Leishmania donovani:
life cycle ?
engulfed by macrophage --> amastigote and divide by binary fission --> escape from dead macrophage and new one engulfs it
163
Leishmania donovani:
target organ ?
macrophages
164
Leishmania donovani:
what happens in children ? why ?
fatal due to underdeveloped immune system
165
Leishmania donovani:
treatment found when trying to find cure for what ?
cancer
166
Giardia lamblia:
life cycle ?
adhesive disk on surface gets dislodged/moved out --> goes to large intestine --> transition into cysts stage (to protect from new environment)
167
Giardia lamblia:
structure (nuclei and flagella)
2 nuclei
8 flagella
168
Giardia lamblia:
epidemiology ?
one person infected = everybody infected
169
Giardia lamblia:
def and int host ?
humans
none
170
Giardia lamblia:
target organ ?
duodenum (s. intest.)
171
Giardia lamblia:
what disease ?
Giardiasis
172
what parasite is cosmopolitan and what does that mean ?
Giardia lamblia and ??
wide global distribution
173
Giardia lamblia:
symptoms ?
increases mucus production, diarrhea, jaundice (yellow skin), colic (severe abdominal pain), dehydration, flatulence, weight loss
174
Giardia lamblia:
reservoir hosts ?
dogs, cats, sheep, beavers taking a shit in the river
175
difference between cyst and trophozoite ?
cyst: not infectious, in hard stool
trophozoite: infectious, in soft stool
- divide by binary fission
176
Leishmania donovani:
what stage do they not have ?
epimastigote
177
Trichomona vaginalis:
epidemiology ?
STI and soiled washcloths/towels
178
Trichomona vaginalis:
underwear at stores scenarios ?
males: buy cheap big pack and leave
girls: try it on so panties have lil liner that gets replaced each time
- except it dont
179
Trichomona vaginalis:
pathology ?
men vs females ?
most strains are asymptomatic due to low pathogenicity (easy to spread)
men: usually asymptotic but may have urethritis and prostitis
women:
- degeneration of vaginal epithelium
- leukocytic infiltration (WBC come to get rid of infection) --> secretions become abundant and white or greenish and tissues get inflamed
- chaffing, leukorrhea (thick wite discharge)
*can also lead to low birth infants, pregnancy complications due to ruptured membranes, cervical cancer
180
Trichomona vaginalis:
how does it affect the vagina ?
raises acidity (normally: 4-4.5) to 5-6 pH which encourages growth of parasite
181
Trichomona vaginalis:
true or false: it has a cyst stage
falsem, only trophozoite
182
Trichomona vaginalis:
target organ ?
urogenital tract (males and females)
183
Trichomona vaginalis:
def and int host ?
humans
none
