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Parasitology > Parasitology - general info > Flashcards

Parasitology - general info Flashcards

1
Q

What are pseudo-parasites

A
  • false parasites
  • Organic and inorganic substances which are similar to the propagation stages of parasites (eggs, cysts, larvae)
  • divided into: Non-parasitic substances & Non-specific parasitic objects
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2
Q

What are the “Non-parasitic substances”?

A
  • Plant fibers, hair of animals
  • Pollen grain
  • Cells of plants
  • Mucosal cells
  • Fat droplets
  • Muscle fibers
  • Fungal spores
  • Air bubble
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3
Q

What are the “Non-specific parasitic objects”?

A
  • Monocystis sp. – protozoa from earthworms
  • Eggs and larvae of parasites from another host by coprophagiae (pig ingest faces of poultry, dogs usually ingest faces of ruminants)
  • Eggs, cysts and larvae of free-living (non-parasitic) animals
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4
Q

Picture of the “Non-parasitic substances” and the
“Non-specific parasitic objects”

A
  • Air bubble – A1
  • Cells of plants – B1
  • Fungal spores – C (Alternaria)
  • Monocystis sp. – protozoa from earthworms – D
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5
Q

Picture of pollen grains:

A

(Non-parasitic substance)

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6
Q

The morphology eggs - The differential diagnosis of helminths eggs is based on these basic criteria:

A
  • Size
  • shape
  • structure of shells
  • internal structure
  • color (the additional one)
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7
Q

What are the different sizes of helminths eggs:

A
  • Small eggs: less than 60 μm in length
  • Medium eggs: 60.1 - 100 μm in length
  • Large eggs: 100.1 - 200 μm in length
  • Extra-large eggs: larger than 200.1 μm in length
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8
Q

mention different Helminths eggs and sizes:

A

small eggs:
- Taenia spp.

medium eggs:
- Trichuris spp.
- Ascaris spp.
- Trichostrongylidae

large eggs:
- Fasciola hepatica

extra large eggs:
- Nematodirus spp.

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9
Q

Shape of Trematode eggs:

A
  • Oval, symmetrical – Fasciola, Paramphistomum
  • Oval, asymmetrical – Dicrocoelium
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10
Q

Shape of Cestode eggs:

A
  • Oval – Pseudophyllidae, Hymenolepididae
  • Roundish – Taeniidae
  • 3, 4, 5 angulate – Anoplocephalidae
  • In cocoons – Dipylidium, Raillietina
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11
Q

Shape of Nematode eggs:

A
  • Ovoid, oval – Strongylidae
  • Spherical, subspherical – Ascaris, Parascaris, Toxocara
  • Lemon shaped – Trichuris
  • Barreled – Capillaria
  • Oval – asymmetrical – Oxyuridae
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12
Q

Shape of Acantocephalan eggs:

A
  • Oval – Macracanthorhynchus, Polymorphus
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13
Q

Structure of Shells - Trematodes:

A
  • two thin shells
  • an operculum at one pole – lack at Schistosoma spp.
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14
Q

Structure of Shells - Cestodes:

A

Pseudo-phyllida – two thin shells with operculum at one pole and a small button at the other

Cyclo-phyllidea – three layers:
- The superficial (homogeneous) – is thin and water-permeable
- Middle (lipoid) layer – is thick and not water-permeable
- Internal (embryophore) layer – covers the embryo, is very thin and in family Anoplocephalidae is pea-shaped (pyriform apparatus)

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15
Q

Structure of Shells - Nematodes:

A

three layers:

  • Protein layer (external) – smooth, rough (Parascaris), uniformly and distinctively patterned (Toxocara)
  • Chitin layer (middle) – smooth, homogenous, transparent
  • Vitelline layer (internal) – in direct contact with protoplasm or embryo
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16
Q

Structure of Shells - Acantocephalan:

A
  • Three layers, as at the nematodes:
  • Protein layer (external) – smooth, rough, uniformly and distinctively patterned
  • Chitin layer (middle) – smooth, homogenous, transparent
  • Vitelline layer (internal) – in direct contact with protoplasm or embryo
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17
Q

Internal structure of Trematode eggs:

A
  • Unembryonated
  • Embryonated
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18
Q

Internal structure of Cestode eggs:

A
  • PSEUDOPHYLLIDEA – Unembryonated
  • CYCLOPHYLLIDEA – Embryonated
    (oncosphere) – 3 pairs of hooks, so called hexacanth embryo
19
Q

Internal structure of Nematode eggs:

A

Unembryonated:

  • single cell is homogenous (Toxocara, Toxasccaris)
  • finely granulated protoplasm (Trichuris, Capillaria)
  • morula with 4-8 blastomers (Ancylostoma, Uncinaria, Nematodirus, Syngamus)
  • morula with more 16 blastomers (Trichostrongylidae)

Embryonated:

  • larva in the first stage – L1 (Strongyloides, Metastrongylus, Spirurida)
20
Q

Internal structure of Acantocephalan eggs:

A
  • Embryonated (acantor)
21
Q

Color (additional criteria):

A
  • Brown: Ascaris, Parascaris, Dicrocoelium, Macracanthorhynchus
  • Reddish-brown: Trichuris
  • Dark brown: Toxocara
  • Light brown/grey: Strongylida
  • Yellow: Fasciola
  • Light green: Capillaria
  • Colorless, transparent: Strongyloides, Oxyuris
22
Q

Direct microscopic investigation of feces:

A
  • Direct smear – suitable for a rapid examination.
  • A small quantity of faeces is placed on a slide, mixed with a drop of water, spread out covered with a slip and examined directly.
23
Q

Flotation method is a:

A
  • Qualitative concentration method
24
Q

flotation methods depend on:

A
  • mixing of the faecal sample with a liquid whose specific gravity greater than the parasite.
25
Q

Flotation method procedure:

A
  • Mix 3 g of faeces with water (15-20 ml) and make a semisolid suspension
  • Filter suspension through a tea strainer into another breaker. Pour the contents into a 15-ml centrifuge tube up to 1 cm below the rim
  • Centrifuge the tubes for 2 min At 2500 rpm (rotation per minute)
  • Discard the supernatant
  • Add the flotation solution up to 1/3 of the tube
  • Resuspend the sediment with a metallic stick
  • Centrifuge the suspension for 2 min At 2500 rpm (rotation per minute); Eggs and cysts will accumulate on the liquid surface
  • Using the parasitological loop, pick up three drops from the surface and put them on a clear glass slide and exam microscopically
26
Q

Infection (drops) of parasites (+, ++, +++):

A
  • .+ up to 5 eggs per drop
  • ++ up to 10
  • +++ over 10
27
Q

What are the flotation fluids and their gravity:

A
  • Faust (33 % ZnSO4) – gravity 1.18
  • Kozák-Mágra – gravity 1.24
  • Breza – gravity 1.3
28
Q

Faust (33 % ZnSO4) is used for:

A
  • detection of protozoan parasites of carnivores
  • gravity 1.18

(zinc sulfate)

29
Q

Kozák-Mágra is used for:

A
  • detection of cestode and nematode eggs of carnivores, and faeces of poultry
  • gravity 1.24
30
Q

Breza (flotation fluid) is used for:

A
  • used for detection of cestode and nematode eggs of ruminants, horses, pigs and rodents
  • gravity 1.3
31
Q

How is fresh fecal smear collected?

A
  • Large animals - Collected directly from the rectum
  • Small animals - Collected indirectly, immediately after defecation
32
Q

What kind of egg is this?

A
  • Fasciola
33
Q

What kind of egg is this?

A
  • Capillaria
34
Q

What kind of egg is this?

A
  • Strongyloides
35
Q

What kind of egg is this?

A
  • Strongylida

strongylidae

36
Q

What kind of egg is this?

A
  • Toxocara
37
Q

What kind of egg is this?

A
  • Trichuris
38
Q

What kind of egg is this?

A
  • Dicrocoelium
39
Q

What kind of egg is this?

A
  • Taeniidae
40
Q

What kind of egg is this?

A

Oxyuridae

41
Q

What kind of egg is this?

A
  • Macracanthorhynchus/Polymorphus
42
Q

What kind of egg is this?

A
  • Anoplocephalidae
43
Q

What kind of egg is this?

A
  • Dipylidium
44
Q

What kind of egg is this?

A
  • Hymenolepididae

Parasitology (23 decks)

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