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PARASITOLOGY( Intro & Protozoan) Flashcards

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1
Q

Branch of medicine or biology concerned with the phenomenon of dependence of one living organism with another living organism

A

Parasitology

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2
Q

Deals primarily with clinically significant parasites which are capable of causing a disease or infection to the host

A

Medical Parasitology

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3
Q

Study of protozoans (unicellular organism)

A

Protozoology

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4
Q

Unicellular organisms

A

Protozoans

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5
Q

Study of helminths (multicellular organisms)

A

Helminthology

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6
Q

Multicellular organisms

A

Helminths

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7
Q

Study of insects and arthropods that are of medical importance

A

Medical Entomology

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8
Q

Living together of phylogenetically different organims

A

Symbiosis

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9
Q

One organism gains benefits while the other organism neither benefits nor is harmed

A

Commensalism

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10
Q

Neutral to the other

A

Commensalism

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11
Q

Beneficial to one organism, harmful to the other

A

Parasitism

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12
Q

One organism benefits at the expense of the other

A

Parasitism

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13
Q

4 Types of Hosts

A

Definitive/ Final Host
Intermediate host
Paratenic Host
Reservoir host

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14
Q

Harbors the adult or sexual stage of parasite

A

Definitive

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15
Q

Harbors the larval or asexual stage of parasite

A

Intermediate

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16
Q

Allows the parasite’s life cycle to continue and serves as a source of human infection

A

Reservoir

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17
Q

Depends entirely upon its host for existence; cannot live outise of a host

A

Obligate

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18
Q

Capable of parasitic and free-living existence

A

Facultative

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19
Q

Capable of living independently outside of a host

A

Facultative

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20
Q

Larval stage is passed in a host while the adult is free living

A

Transitory

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21
Q

2 Types of Parasite according to duration of parasitism

A

Permanent
Temporary

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22
Q

Comple its life cycle in 1 host

A

Permanent

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23
Q

Parasites wherein all of its life cycle will happen in different host

A

Temporary

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24
Q

Deals with tropical diseases and other medical problems of tropical regions

A

Tropical Medicine

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25
3 Types of Host-Parasite Relationship / Types of Association of Living Things
Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism
26
Beneficial to both organisms
Mutualism
27
Harbors a parasite that does not develop but remains alive and is infective to the next host
Paratenic
28
3 Example of Definitve host
Cat- DH of Toxoplasma gondii Mosquito- DH of Plasmodium Dog- DH of Echinococcus spp
29
1 Example of Intermediate host
Snail- IH of Trematodes/flukes
30
2 Example of Paratenic host
Large fish- PH of Diphylobothrium latum Snake and Bird - PH of G. spinogerum
31
1 Example of Reservoir host
Pigs- RH of Balantidium coli
32
8 Types of Parasites according to mode of living
Endoparasite Ectoparasite Intermittent Obligate Facultative Accidental Erratic Zoonotic
33
Parasites wherein all of its life cycle will happen only within a single host
Permanent
34
Requires 2 or more host for the larval and adult stages
Periodic
35
Primarily infects animals and may be acquired by man
Zoonotic
36
Occurs in an unsual host
Accidental
37
Occurs in an unusual organ or habitat
Erratic
38
Passes through the intestinal tract without causing any disturbance
Spurious or coprozoic
39
Lives inside the body of a host
Endoparasite
40
Lives on body surfaces
Ectoparasite
41
Visits the host only during feeding time
Intermittent
41
2 Example of Ectoparasite
Lice (Pediculus humanus capitis, P.h. humanus, Phthirus pubis) Itch mite (Sarcoptes scabiei)
42
5 Example of Intermittent parasite
Bed bug Mosquito Flea Tick Biting fly (BBM FT)
43
Presence of endoparasite
Infection
43
Presence of an ectoparasite
Infestation
44
5 Types of parasite accrording to pathologic locations
Spurious Hematozoic Cytozoic Coelozoic Enterozoic
45
Parasites that pass the gastrointestinal tract without infecting or causing harm to the host
Spurious
46
Parasites found in blood
Hematozoic
47
Parasites found in cells
Cytozoic
48
Parasites found in body cavities
Coelozoic
49
Parasites found within gastrointestinal tract
Enterozoic
50
2 Types of Vectors
Biologic Mechanical/ Phoretic
51
Transmits a parasite only after the latter has completed part of its development
Biologic
52
Not essential in the parasite's life cycle and is responsible only for transmitting the parasite
Mechanical/ Phoretic
53
3 Parasites transmitted by mosquitoes
Plasmodium spp. Wuchereria bancrofti Brugia malayi
54
3 Parasites transmitted by biting flies
Leishmania spp - Sandflies Trypanosoma brucei - Tsetse flies Other filariae -Loaloa
55
Parasites transmitted by kissing bugs
Trypanosoma cruzi
56
Parasites transmitted by ticks
Babesia spp.
57
Cockroaches and House flies is a mechanical vector of what parasites?
* Ascaris lumbricoides and other enteric parasites (such as E. histoloytica)
58
MOT of mouth/oral cavity
Ingestion Oral-anal intercourse
59
MOT of skin
Larval skin penetration Skin inoculation (vector-borne)
60
MOT of urogenital tract
Sexual intercourse (venereal)
61
MOT of nasal passages
Intranasal
62
Type of Autoinfection within the intestine
Internal
63
MOT of Transplancental
Vertical transmission (mother to fetus)
64
Type of Autoinfection hand to mouth
External
65
2 Types of autoinfection
External Internal
66
5 Example of portal of entry
Mouth/oral-anal cavity Urogenital tract Nasal passages Transplancental Skin (MUNTS)
67
4 example of Portal of exit
Anus Mouth (P. westermani) Urogenital tract (T. vaginalis) Non-intact skin (D. medinensis)
68
Study of patterns, distribution and occurence of disease
Epidemiology
69
Number of new cases of infection
Incidence
70
Number of individuals in a population estimated to be infected with particular parasite
Prevalence
71
Number of worms per infected person
Intensity of infection/ worm burden
72
Other term for intensity of infection
Worm burden
73
Use of anti-helminthic/parasitic drug in a public health program
Deworming
74
Permanent reduction to zero of the incidence of infection worldwide
Eradication
75
Reduction to zero of the incidence of infection in a specific region or geographical area
Elimination
76
Female cell within uterus
Ova
77
Early developing stage
Embryo
78
Motile, feeding stage of protozan
Trophozoite
78
Female cell outside uterus
Egg
79
Active stage of parasites
Larva
80
Non-motile, non-feeding stage of protozoan
Cyst
81
2 parasitic periodicity
Diurnal Nocturnal
82
Day activity of parasites
Diurnal
83
Night activity of parasites
Nocturnal
84
3 Parasitic laying/giving birth characteristic
Viviparous Ovo-viviparous Oviparous
85
Parasite that do not lay eggs but instead produce fully developed larvae
Viviparous
86
Parasite that produce fully developed embryonated eggs
Ovo-viviparous
87
Parasite that produce unembryonated eggs that undergo external embryonation
Oviparous
88
4 Malarial terminologies
Microgametocytes Macrogametocyte Sporogony Schizogony
89
Male sex cell of malarial parasites
Microgametocytes
90
Female sex cell of malarial parasite
Macrogametocyte
91
Sexual reproduction of malarial parasite
Sporogony
92
Sporogony takes place in?
Mosquito
93
Asexual reproduction of malarial parasite
Schizogony
94
Schizogony takes place in?
Man
95
2 Parasitic development
Encystation Excystation
96
Trophozoite into cyst
Encystation
97
Cyst emerges into trophozoite
Excystation
98
3 Disease distribution
Endemic Epidemic Pandemic
99
Disease which is constant in a community
Endemic
100
Outbreak of a disease affecting a wide area
Epidemic
101
Worlwide epidemic
Pandemic
102
Represents the taxon to which the species belongs
Genus
103
First letter is capitalized
Genus
104
Trivial name that distinguishes the species within the genus
Specific epithet
105
3 Classification of Protozoa
Phylum Sarcomastigophora Phylum Ciliophora Phylum Apicomplexa
106
Both parts of the organism's name are ____ in normal text or ______ in handwriting
Italicized and Underline
107
2 Classification of Sarcomastigophora
Amebae Flagellates
108
1 Classification of Ciliophora
Ciliates - Balantidium coli
109
2 Classification of Phylum Apicomplexa
Sporozoans Coccidians
110
2 Classification of Helminths
Phylum Nemathelminthes Phylum Platyhelminthes
111
1 Type of Nemathelminthes
Nematodes
112
Other term of nematodes
Roundworm
113
2 types Platyhelminthes
Trematodes Cestodes
114
Other term of trematodes
Flukes
115
Other term of cestodes
Tapeworms
116
3 Other unicellular parasites
Blastocytis spp. Microsporidians Pnemocystis jirovecii
117
3 Class of arthropods
Class Arachnida Class Insecta Class Crustacea
118
3 Example of Arachnida
Ticks Mites Chiggers
119
8 Example of Insecta
Lice Fleas Cockroaches Bugs Beetles Flies Mosquito Midges
120
3 Example of crustacea
Crabs Crayfish Copepods
121
6 Example of stool preservatives
1. 10% Formalin 2. Schaudinn's solution 3. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) 4. Merthiolate-iodine formalin (MIF) 5. Sodium acetate-acetic acid formalin 6. Modified PVA
122
All-purpose fixative
Formalin
123
5% concentration for protozoan cysts
Formalin
124
How many concentration of formalin for protozoan cysts
5%
125
5% formalin is used for
Protozoan cysts
126
10% concentration for helminth eggs and larvae
Formalin
127
How many concentration of formalin for helminths eggs and larvae
10%
128
It contains mercuric chloride (higly toxic to humans)
Schaudinn's solution PVA
129
Preserve fresh stool in preparation for staining stool smears
Schaudinn's solution
130
Schaudinn's solution contains what chemicals that is highly toxic to humans
Mercuric chloride
131
Plastic resin that serves as an adhesive for stool
PVA
132
Normally incorporated in Schaudinn's solution
PVA
133
Stool preserved in those preservatives can be concentrated using FECT
PVA
134
Major drawback: use of mercuric chloride
PVA
135
Serves as staining agent in MIF preservatives
Merthiolate Iodine
136
Acts as preservative in MIF
Formalin
137
Fixation of intestinal protozoan, helminth eggs and larvae
MIF
138
Component should always be fresh because it is unstable
Lugol's iodine
139
Does not contain mercuric chloride
Sodium acetate-acetic acid formalin
140
Liquid fixative with a long shelf-life
Sodium acetate-acetic acid formalin
141
Images are not as sharp as PVA and Schaudinn's solution after staining
Sodium acetate-acetic acid formalin
142
Characteristics of container
Clean, watertight,with tight fitting lid
143
Acceptable amount of stool
Formed: 2-5 g (thumb-sized/wallnut) Liquid/Watery: 5-6 tbsp
144
Time collection of liquid stool
30 mins
145
Time collection of soft or semi-formed stool
1 hour
146
Time collection of formed stool
up to 24 hours
147
Fixative to stool ratio
3:1
148
Specimen must be fixed in the preservative for at least:
30 minutes before processing
149
Ova and parasite samples collected
3 samples in 10 days (intermittently)
150
How many samples are used for diagnosis of amebiasis
6 samples in 14 days
151
Patients undergoing barium,bismuth or mineral oil therapy
7-10 days before collection
152
Patients undergoing _____,_____, or _______ must have 7-10 days before collection of stool
Barium Bismuth Mineral oil therapy
153
Patients taking antibiotics or antimalarial drugs, gallbladder dyes
Delayed for 2 weeks
154
5 specimen used in parasitology
Stool Blood Urine Sputum or BAL Cerebrospinal fluid
155
Type of blood which is best for demonstrating blood parasites
Capillary blood
156
In processing blood parasites, avoid using _______
Anticoagulated blood
157
If EDTA blood is used, specimen must be processed within
1 hour
158
If _____ blood is used, specimen must be processed within 1 hour
EDTA
159
Time of collection in Malaria
Before the next anticipated fever spike
160
Time of collection in Filariasis
Depend on the periodicity of filariae
161
Specimen that useful of T. vaginalis trophozoites, S. haematobium eggs,rarely W. bancrofti adult
Urine
162
Specimen useful in demonstration of P. westermani eggs, E. histolytica trophozoites, migrating larvas of Ascaris, Strongyloides, and Hookworms, and P. jirovecii
Sputum or BAL
163
Urine is useful in demonstration of
T. vaginalis trophozoites (most frequent parasite) S. haematobium eggs W. bancrofti adult ( in cases of hydrocele) rarely
164
Specimen useful in demonstration of Naeglaria and Acanthamoeba trophozoites, Trypanosomes and Panstrongylus larvae
Cerebrospinal fluid
165
Sputum or BAL is useful in demonstration of
P. westermani eggs E. histolytica trophozoites (in cases of pumonary abscess) Migrating larvas of Ascaris Strongyloides Hookworms P. jirovecii
166
10% formalin formalin + stool + 10% HCl strained in a gauze
Acid-ether concentration technique
166
CSF is useful in demonstration of
Naeglaria Acanthamoeba trophozoites Trypanosomes Panstrongylus larvae
167
Intradermal test for T. spiralis
Bachmann Test
168
For detection of Strongyloides
Baermann Funnel
169
Wrap the sample in cheesecloth and submerge it in a funnel filled with water
Baermann Funnel
170
Immunologic test for T. spiralis and E. granulosus
Bentonite Flocculation Test
171
Bentonite Flocculation Test is used for detection of
T. spiralis E. granulosus
172
Detects malarial aldolase
BinaxNOW test
173
Use in Acid-ether concentration technique
10% formalin Stool 10% HCl strained in a gauze
174
Intradermal test for E. granulosus
Casoni test
175
Culture medium for T. cruzi
Chang's medium
176
Chang's medium is use to culture
T. cruzi
177
Casoni test is use to test
E. granulosus
178
For detection of Schistosoma spp
Circumoval Precipitin test
179
Circumoval Precipitin test is use to detect
Schistosomma spp
180
Patient serum + schistosomal eggs
Circumoval Precipitin test
181
Use in Circumoval Precipitin test
Patient serum Schistosomal eggs
182
Culture medium for T. vaginalis
Diamond Medium Feinberg-Whittington Medium
183
Diamond Medium is use to detect
T. vaginalis
184
Intradermal test for Leishmania spp.
Dr. Montenegro's test
185
Dr. Montenegro's test is used to detect
Leishmania spp.
186
Detects Giardia,Strongyloides, Clonorchis,Opisthorchis,Fasciola, and Cryptosporidium
Entero (string) test
187
Entero test is used to detect
Giardia Strongyloides Clonorchis Opisthorchis Fasciola Cryptosporidium
188
Other term of Entero test
String test
189
Uses a gelatin capsule attached to a string
Entero (string) test
190
Egg hatching and sedimentation technique for detecting Schistosoma spp. eggs
Faust and Malloney's Test
191
Faust and Malloney's test is used for detecting
Schistosoma spp. eggs
192
Feinberg-Whittington Medium is used to detect
T. vaginalis
193
Most commonly used method for concentrating eggs, larvae and protozoan cysts
Formalin-Ether/ Ethyl Acetate Concentration Technique
194
10% formalin + stool --- centrifuge-----> Ether/Ethyl acetate to the sediment
Formalin-Ether/ Ethyl Acetate Concentration Technique
195
Use in Formalin-Ether/ Ethyl Acetate Concentration Technique
10% formalin Stool Centrifuge
196
4 layers of Formalin-Ether
Ether/Ethyl acetate (Top) Debris Formalin Sediment (Bottom, parasites)
197
Uses filter paper strip with water
Harada- Mori technique
198
Strongyloides larvae move upwards, and Hookworm larvae move downwards
Harada- Mori technique
199
In Harada- Mori technique this larvae move upwards
Strongyloides
200
In Harada- Mori technique this larvae move downwards
Hookworm
201
Uses wire mesh, newpaper, and cellophane soaked in glycerol-malachite green
Kato-Katz smear
202
For detection of microfilariae
Knott's concentration
203
EDTA blood + 2% formalin --- centrifuge---> Smear + Giemsa or Methylene blue
Knott's concentration
204
Used in knott's concentration
EDTA blood 2% formalin Centrifuge Smear Giemsa/ Methylene blue
205
Detects histidine-rich protein II (HRP-II) antigen produced by P. falciparum
MalaQuick test
206
MalaQuick test is used to detect
HRP-II antigen
207
Parasite involve in MalaQuick test
P. falciparum
208
For detection of Trichinella (gold standard), T. solium, Spirometra and Sarcocystis
Muscle Biopsy
209
Muscle Biopsy is used to detect
Trichinella (gold standard) T. solium Spirometra Sarcocystis
210
Culture medium for Leishmania spp and T. cruzi
Novy-MacNeal-Nicole (NNN) Medium
211
Now-MacNeal-Nicole (NNN) Medium is used to detect
Leishmania spp. T. cruzi
212
Medium used for detection of Acanthamoeba spp.
Non-Nutrient agar with E. coli
213
Non-Nutrient agar with E. coli can detect what spp
Acanthamoeba spp.
214
Detects parasite LDH and differentiates the 4 Plasmodium species
Optimal Assay
215
For detection of Trypanosoma, Plasmodium and Wuchereria
Optimal Assay
216
Optimal Assay is use to detect
Trypanosoma Plasmodium Wuchereria
217
Uses fluorescent microscope and acridine orange fluorochrome
Quantitative Buffy Coat
218
Gold standard test for detection of T. gondii
Sabin-Feldman Dye Test
219
Sabin-Feldman Dye Test is used to detect
T. gondii
220
Tachyzoites + serum (Toxoplasma's Ab's) --> Distorted and colorless tachyzoites
Sabin-Feldman Dye Test
221
Preparation used in Sabin-Feldman Dye Test
Tachyzoites Serum (Toxoplasma's Ab's) Distorted and colorless tachyzoites
222
For detection of E. vermicularis eggs
Scotch Tape Swab
223
Scotch tape swab is used to detect
E. vermicularis eggs
224
Uses boiled sucrose solution with phenol
Sheather's Sugar Flotation Technique
225
For coccidian oocyst (Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, Cytoisospora), and B. coli cyst
Sheather's Sugar Flotation Technique
226
Skin biopsy for detection of O. volvulus
Skin snip
227
Stain for rapid processing of thick smears, especially in malaria
Field's stain
228
Stain for diagnosis of malarial thick and thin smear
Giemsa stain
229
Stain for SAF-, formalin-preserved, fresh and unpreserved stools
Iron hematoxylin
230
Stain for demonstration of uterine branches of Taenia spp.
India ink
231
Stain for bone marrow samples and blood flagellates
Leishman's stain
232
Stain for emulsifying agent for stool and stains nuclei of protozoans
Lugol's iodine
233
Stain for coccidian parasites
Modified acid-fast stain
234
Recommended stain for intestinal microsporidia
Modified Trichome stain
235
Stain for fresh and unpreserved stools
Trichome stain
236
Stain for blood cell morphology, but must be confirmed by Giemsa
Wright's stain
237
0.1 M NaOH + stool --> counted in an ordinary slide
Stoll Egg count
238
Stoll Egg count uses
0.1 M NaOH Stool
239
For screening malarial parasites (quantitation and identifying pigments)
Thick Blood film
240
For identifying malarial species
Thin Blood film
241
Routine O&P examination
Wet Mount (NSS, Iodine)
242
Iodine stains cysts yellow-brown but kills trophozoites
Wet Mount
243
In Wet Mount. iodine stain cysts what color
Yellow-brown
244
In Wet Mount, iodine stains cysts but kills what
Trophozoites
245
In Wet mount, this are not stained
Chromatoid bodies
246
Animal test for detection of T. spiralis, T. cruzi, W. bancrofti
Xenodiagnosis
247
Xenodiagnosis is used to detect what parasite
T. spiralis T. cruzi W. bancrofti
248
What parasite is detected in xenodiagnosis when albino mice is used
T. spiralis
249
What parasite is detected in xenodiagnosis when reduviid bugs is used
T. cruzi
250
What parasite is detected in xenodiagnosis when mosquitoes is used
W. bancrofti
251
For protozoan cysts and nematode eggs except Trichuris and Capillaria
Zinc Sulfate Flotation Technique
252
In Zinc Sulfate Flotation Technique, this parasites are not detected
Trichuris Capillaria
253
Not appropriate for operculated eggs, Schistosomes, or infertile Ascaris eggs
Zinc Sulfate Flotation Technique
254
Specific gravity of ZnSO4
1.18
255
What are the 2 layer of Zinc Sulfate Flotation Technique
Supernatant (Top, parasites) Liquid suspension (Bottom)
256
What is the epidemiologic triangle
Host Environment Agent (HEA)
257
Order of Chain of Infection
Infectious Agent Reservoir Exit Mode of Transmission Entry Susceptible host (IREMES)
258
Man serves as what host in Echinococcus spp
Accidental IH
259
2nd IH of D. Latum
Small fish
260
2 Example of Facultative parasites
S. stercoralis FLAs (Free-living amoebas) - Naegleria, Acanthamoeba spp
261
1 example of Transitory parasite
S. stercoralis (indirect cycle)
262
1 example of permanent parasite
H. nana - moxenous/homoxenous; only cestode
263
2 example of periodicity
Nocturnal Diurnal
264
What is Heteroxenous
Requires 2 or more host
265
Example of zoonotic
B. coli D. immitis Agents of larva migrans (Toxocara spp)
266
What is Larva migrans?
Wondering larva
267
2 example of accidental host
Echinoccocus in man Agents of Larva migrans
268
1 example of erratic parasites
Ascaris lumbricoides -cause ectopic ascariasis
269
2 example of spurious/coprozoic
Fasciola hepatica eggs - Infective stage is Metacercaria Capillaria hepatica eggs
270
Transmitted by Reduviid/ Triatomine
Trypanosoma cruzi
271
Transmitted by Ixodes spp.
Babesia spp
272
Most common portal of entry
Mouth
273
Parasites transmitted through oral-anal intercourse
G. lamblia C. Parvum E. vermicularis D. fragilis E. histolytica (G CEDE)
274
3 Parasites transmitted through skin penetration
* Hookworms S. stercoralis - L3 larva/Filariform larva Schistosoma spp. - Cercaria
275
1 example of parasites transmitted through skin inoculation(vector-borne)
Arthropods
276
Parasites transmitted through sexual intercourse
T. vaginalis
277
Parasites transmitted through intranasal
FLAs (N. flowleri and Acanthamoeba)
278
Parasites transmitted through vertical transmission
Plasmodium spp Toxoplasma Other agents such as syphilis,VZV Rubella CMV HIV (TORCH)
279
4 parasites that cause internal autoinfection
S. stercoralis C. philippinensis C. parvum T. solium *
280
Cause reverse peristalsis, Tissue infection,Migrate to brain and fatal
T. solium
281
Cause external autoinfection
E. vermicularis - its egg is infective and contain fully develop larva H. nana
282
Most common portal of exit
Anus
283
What phylum is both asexual reproduction and motile?
Sarcomastigophora Ciliophora
284
What phylum has both sexual and asexual reproduction and non-motile
Apicomplexa
285
Reproduction of Sporozoans and coccidians ?and is it motile or non-motile
Sexual and Asexual Non-motile
286
Reproduction of Amoeba,Flagellates,Ciliates?is it motile or non-motile?
Asexual Motile
287
Not protozoans but consider stramenophiles
Blastocystis
288
2 example of microsporidians
Encephalitozoon spp Enterocytozoon spp
289
Obligate intracellular fungi; smallest intestinal parasite (1.5-3 um)
Microsporidians
290
Size of Microsporidians
1.5 - 3 um
291
Atypical fungus
P. jirovecii
292
Nematodes (roundworms) are considered Hermaphroditic/ Non-hermaphroditic?
Non-hermaphroditic (sexes are separate)
293
Trematodes are considered Hermaphroditic/ Non-hermaphroditic?
All are Hermaphroditic(monoecious flukes/sexes are combined) except Schistosomes (Non-Hermophroditic/ Diecious flukes)
294
Cestodes are considered Hermaphroditic/ Non-hermaphroditic?
All are hermaphroditic (sexes are combined)
295
2 example of 2nd IH of P. westermani
* Crabs and Crayfish
296
IH of D. medinensis and G. spinigerum
Copepods
297
1st IH of D. latum and spirometra
Copepods
298
Serve as fixative in MIF
Merthiolate
299
Most common delivered specimen in Parasitology because most parasite are intestinal
Stool
300
Clearance period of Antacids,antidiarrheals,barium,bismuth,laxatives,mineral oil therapy
7-10 days
301
Clearance period of antimicrobial agents
2-3 weeks
302
What may form in stool if clearance period of Antacids,antidiarrheals,barium,bismuth,laxatives is not followed?
Leave crystalline residues
303
Cause of antimicrobial agents in stool
Decrease the number of protozoans
304
Clearance period of gallbladder dyes
2 weeks
305
Avoid contamination of stool in urine because ______ water because ______ soil because _____
Urine - trophozoites is toxic to urine Water - may dilute the spx Soil- may contain foreign parasites
306
Capacity of stool container
1/2 pint
306
Number of stool specimen examined?
3 spx collected separate days within 10 days (every other day)
307
Reason why does it need 3 spx examined on separate days?
To recover parasites that shed diagnostic forms intermittently (such as G. lamblia and S. stercoralis)
308
Liquid/Watery stool may contain what type of parasite
Trophozoite
309
Soft/Semi-formed stool may contain what type of parasite
Mixture of Trophozoite and Cysts
310
Formed stool may contain what type of parasite
Cysts
311
Why does water stool should be process immediately?
Trophozoite is sensitive to environmental change
312
Stool must be left at room temp,incubated, frozen True or False
False - Not be left at ...
313
Beyond 1 hour, stool must be ____ and its is short term preservation
Refrigerated
314
For longer period of stool preservation:
2 vial system ( 10% formalin & PVA)
315
Ratio of stool- preservative
* 1:3 ( 1:stool = 3: preservative)
316
10% Formalin can be performed in: WT/CT/PS/IA?
All can be used except in Permanent staining
317
Stool fixative that can fix and stain
MIF
318
MIF cannot be performed in: WT/CT/PS/IA?
Permanent Staining and Immunoassay(due to red color of merthiolate)
319
Stool fixative that can be used as permanent stain
SAF (Sodiuam acetate-acetic acid formalin)
320
SAF can be performed in: WT/CT/PS/IA?
All of them can be performed
321
Stool fixative that contain Mercuric chloride
Schaudinns' fluid PVA
322
Schaudinn's fluid do not contain
PVA
323
SF with PVA
PVA
324
Schaudinn's fluid can be performed in : WT/CT/PS/IA?
Permanent staining only
325
PVA can be performed in: WT/CT/PS/IA?
Permanent staining only
326
Modified PVA was introduce to avoid hazard of mercuric chloride and can be used in
NAATs PCR
327
Modified PVA contain
ZnSO4 CuSO4
328
Modified PVA can be performed in: WT/CT/PS/IA?
Permanent staining only
329
Immunoassay need ( fresh/old stool? ) to detect ______
Fresh E. histolytica G. lamblia C. parvum
330
Normal color of stool
Brown
331
Brown color of stool is due to
Stercobilin or Urobilin
332
Black stool is due to
Upper GI bleeding
332
Mucoid/Bloody stool is due to
Lower GI bleeding or dysentery cause by E. histolytica or B. coli
333
Normal consistency of stool
Soft to semi-formed
334
Gives clues on parasite stages present in stool
Consistency
335
Determine the sensitivity of egg-counting technique in stool
Consistency
336
In egg counting technique, the ___ the stool, the ____ the count
drier, higher
337
In egg counting technique, watery stool has ___ count High/ low?
Low
338
In egg counting technique, Formed stool has ___ count High/ low?
High
339
In O & P exam, this procedure can be performed
Wet mount Concentration technique Permanent staining
340
This O & P procedure has low sensitivity due to small amount of stool
Wet mount
341
Wet mount is AKA
Direct fecal smear
342
Wet mount is prepared by mixing ____ of stool with a drop of _____
2 mg NSS
343
How many percent of NSS is used in wet mount
0.85%
344
O&P procedure that is useful in detection of motile trophozoites, helminths and larvae
Wet mount
345
Wet mount can be stained using
Lugol's iodine/ D' Antoni's iodine - protozoan cysts and detecting glycogen inclusions Nair's Buffered Methylene Blue - for trophozoites because troph can be killed by iodine
346
Concentration technique has ____ to parasite detection Increase/Low sensitivity?
Increase sensitivity
347
2 classification of concentration technique
Sedimentation procedures Flotation procedures
348
2 classification of sedimentation procedures
FECT - Formalin ether (ethyl acetate) concentration technique AECT- Acid ether concentration technique
349
Most common sedimentation procedures
FECT
350
Preservative used in FECT
Formalin
351
In FECT, sediments may be stored in this
Formalin
352
In FECT, it is less hazardous and dissolve fats
Ether/ ethyl acetate
353
Sedimentation procedure that can be used with specimens preserved in formalin, MIF or SAF
FECT
354
Efficient in recovering most protozoan cysts, helminth eggs,operculate eggs and moderately effective in schistosome eggs
FECT
355
Less distortion of protozoan cysts compared to zinc sulfate flotation and AECT
FECT
356
Used fresh stool AECT/ FECT
AECT
357
Sedimentation medium used in AECT
40% HCl
358
Used in AECT to precipitate and remove albuminous material and mucoidal substances
40% HCl
359
Recommended for animal parasites, Trichuris, Capillaria and Schistosoma eggs
AECT
360
Parasites may be lost to the plug of debris and possible destruction of protozoan cysts due to increase acidity
AECT
361
SG of parasite > SG of sedimentation medium
Sedimentation procedures - parasites settle at the bottom
362
Arrangement of sedimentation procedure in a tube
Ether/Ethyl Acetate --> Plug of debris ---> Sedimentation medium (Formalin/ HCL) ---> Sediments (parasite if present)
363
Which is decanted in sedimentation procedure
Ether/Ethyl Acetate --> Plug of debris ---> Sedimentation medium (Formalin/ HCL) --->
364
SG of medium > SG of parasite
Flotation procedure (parasite floats)
365
3 classifcation of flotation procedure
Zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation Brine's flotation Sheather's flotation
366
Arrangement of flotation procedure in a tube
Surface film(parasites present) ---> Medium (Zinc Sulfate,HCl, Sucrose) ---> Sediment (may still contain parasites that failed to float)
367
Concentration of medium in Zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation
33% ZnSO4
368
SG of ZnSO4 centrifugal flotation
1.18 - fresh stool 1.2 - formalinized stool (need adjusted for parasites to float)
369
Unreliable for the recovery of nematode larvae, infertile eggs of Ascaris,eggs of Taenia,schistosomes and other cestodes or trematode eggs -Not for heavy or dense eggs
Zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation
370
Medium used in Brine's flotation
Saturated salt concentration
371
SG of Brine's flotation
1.2
372
No centrifugation is required; not applicable for operculate and thin-shelled eggs because it might shrank due to high SG
Brine's flotation
373
Medium of Sheather's flotation
Boiled sugar solution/sucrose
374
Uses Boiled sugar solution/sucrose preserved with phenol
Sheather's flotation
375
Sheather's flotation is preffered for concentrating ____
coccidian oocysts
376
SG of Sheather's flotation
1.25-1.27
377
Used for detecting coccidian
Sheather's flotation and Modified acid fast stain
378
4 Permanent stains used in stool
Iron hematoxylin Wheatley's trichrome Modified trichrome Modified Acid fast stain (IW MM)
379
Microscopic field used in Iron hematoxylin,Wheatley's trichrome, Modified trichrome
300 OIFs OIO = 100x objective
380
Microscopic field used in Modified Acid Fast stain
300 HPFs (Red structure against blue background)
381
Iron hematoxylin has shade of
Gray blue to black
382
Wheatley's trichrome is AKA
Gomori's trichrome
383
Color of the ff in Gomori's trichrome: Cytoplasm: Nucleus: Inclusions (RBC,Bacteria): Charcot Layden crystals
Cytoplasm: blue to green Nucleus, Inclusions, Charcot Layden crystals : Red to Purple
384
Microscopic ojectives used in protozoa
OIO
385
Weaker acid decolorizer (1-3% H2SO4) as decolorizer; demonstrated Cryptosporidium,Cytoisospora,Cyclospora oocysts
Modified acid fast stain
386
Cryptosporidium Acid fast/ Acid fast variable/Non-Acid fast?
Acid fast
387
Cytoisospora,Cyclospora oocysts Acid fast/ Acid fast variable/Non-Acid fast?
Acid fast variable
388
2 example of Modified acid fast stain
Kinyoun's method - Cold method; most common Ziel-Neelsen method - Hot method
389
Artifacts that resemble parasites: 1.Neutrophils (Multilobed: 2. Macrophages,squamous and columnar epithelial cells: 3. Yeast, fungal conida, mushroom spores, diatomes: 4. Mite eggs: 5. Pollen grains:
1. Mature E. histolytica cysts due to 4 nucleus 2. Amebic trophoizotes 3.Protozoan cysts or helminth eggs 4. Hookworms eggs/ larva 5. Taenia or Ascaris eggs
390
How many stool is usd in Kato-thick smear
50-60 mg
391
In Kato-thick smear the cellophane is soaked in a mixture of
Glycerin - clearing agent,dissolve debris, allow parasites Malachite green - stain the background green;lower the light intensity of microscope
392
Usefull in mass stool examination and not easily dry up
Kato-thick smear
393
Used for assessing worm burden and monitoring the efficacy of antihelminthics in cases of STH and Schistosomiasis
Egg counting technique
394
Parasite involved in STH
Hookworms Ascaris lumbricoides Trichuris trichuria (HAT)
395
Modification of kato-thick smear and stool has been sieved through mesh wire
Kato-Katz
396
Formula for egg counting technique
EPG (eggs per gram feces) = number of eggs counted x factor( depends on template used)
397
Standard template for egg counting technique
1.5mm thick and 6mm hole
398
Amount of feces delivered & factor in: 1.5 mm thick and 6 mm hole 1mm thick and 9 mm hole 0.5 mm thick and 6.5 mm hole
Amount of feces delivered & factor: 41.7 mg = 24 50 mg =20 20 mg = 50
399
Make used of calibrated flask and stoll pipette
Stoll dilution
400
Diluent used in stoll dilution
0.1 N NaOH
401
Used to determine the severity of Schistosoma infection
Faust-Malloney egg hatching technique
402
EPG of the following parasites in Light intensity A. lumbricoides T. trichuria Hookworms Schistosoma japanicum/mansoni
Light intensity: A. lumbricoides = <5000 T. trichuria = <1000 Hookworms =< 2000 Schistosoma japanicum/mansoni = <100
403
EPG of the following parasites in Moderate intensity A. lumbricoides T. trichuria Hookworms Schistosoma japanicum/mansoni
Moderate intensity: A. lumbricoides = 5000 -49,999 T. trichuria = 1000 - 9,999 Hookworms = 2000- 3,999 Schistosoma japanicum/mansoni = 100 - 399
404
EPG of the following parasites in Heavy intensity A. lumbricoides T. trichuria Hookworms Schistosoma japanicum/mansoni
Heavy intensity: A. lumbricoides = ≥ 50,000 T. trichuria = ≥ 10,000 Hookworms = ≥ 4,000 Schistosoma japanicum/mansoni = ≥ 400
405
Stool culture method is routinely used and less hazardous True/ False?
False Not routine and hazardous
406
Stool culture method can be classified into 2
Copro culture Harada-Mori or Test tube method
407
Uses moistened soil and granulated charcoal
Copro culture
408
In copro culture, larvae are harvested using what technique
Baermann technique
409
what method involves applying positive stool to a filter paper strip and placing it into a test tube with distilled water for ___ days at ____ °C
Harada-Mori or Test tube Method or Filter paper Method 10 days at 25-30 °C
410
Hookworm Vs. S. stercoralis In Fresh stool? In Old Stool?
Fresh stool: Hookworms = eggs S. stercoralis = Rhabditiform larva Old stool: Hookworms & S. stercoralis = Rhabditiform larva
411
Used to detect eggs of E. vermicularis
Perianal swab/ Scotch tape method/ Cellulose tape
412
E. vermicularis is Nocturnal/Diurnal?
Nocturnal
413
Scotch tape method is performed at Night?Morning?Afternoon?
Early morning because eggs deposition happens at night
414
In Perianal swab, a drop of ___ or __ may be added to improve the visualization of eggs
Xylene or Toluene
415
What procedure is used for diagnosis of amoebiasis (E. histolytica)
Sigmoidoscopy
416
Entero test is AKA
String test or Duodenal capsule
417
Entero test is used for the recovery of what parasites
G. lamblia C. parvum S. stercoralis or other Intestinal parasites
418
Contact time of Entero test
4 hours
419
Collected material in Entero test must be analyzed within
1 hour
420
Prepared specimen for Malaria to avoid distortion of parasite morphology
Fresh Non-anticoagulated blood/Capillary blood
421
Why does anticoagulated blood is not prepared for malarial examination
Can disrupt morphology of parasite and difficult to examine
422
Using anticoagulated blood (EDTA> Heparin) must be delivered to the laboratory within _____ and must be processed within _____
30 mins 1 hour
423
Timing of collection for Malaria
Before the next anticipated fever spike / at the height of fever
424
Timing of collection of filariasis
Depends on the periodicity of microfilariae
425
Gold standard for malarial examination
Stained smears of thick and thin blood smear
426
How many drops of blood for thick and thin smear
Thick smear - 2-3 small drops (6ul) Thin smear - 1 drop (2-3ul)
427
Thick smear is dehomoglobinized using ____ prior to staining
distilled water
428
Why does thick smear need to be dehomoglobinzed?
For rbc to lyze and parasite will stand out and wbc will remain
429
Purpose of thick smear
Rapid diagnosis of malaria and demonstration of trypomastigotes and microfilariae
430
What type of smear, which is thick at one end and thin and feathery at the other end
Thin smear
431
Smear which is fixed with alcohol prior to staining
Thin smear
432
Smear for malarial species identification
Thin smear
433
Degree of parasitemia for Thick smear
Parasites/ul of blood = (parasites/WBCs counted) x WBC count per uL or 8,000 WBCs
434
How many parasites/ WBC need to be counted in thick smear?
500 parasites or 1000 WBC -whichever comes first If WBC count is unkwown, assume 8,000 wbcs per ul of blood
435
Degree of parasitemia for thin smear
% parasitemia = (parasitized rbcs/ total RBCs counted) x 100
436
In thin smear, if parasitemia is high (>10%) examine ______ RBCS If it is low (<1%) examine _____ RBCs
500 2000
437
4 Stains used in blood parasites
1. Giemsa 2. Wright's 3. Delafield hematoxylin 4. Kawamoto technique
438
2 stains that are categorized as Romanowsky stain
Giemsa Wright's stain
439
Recommended for detection and identification of blood parasites (such as plasmodium & babesia); allows demonstration of stippling
Giemsa
440
Not optimal for blood parasites; does not demonstrate stippling
Wright's stain
441
What stain that demonstrated detailed structure of microfilariae;requires dehomoglobinazation of thick films with _______
Delafied hematoxylin 2% formalin in 1% acetic acid
442
What stain are which blood smear are stained with ______ which results in a differential staining of nuclear DNA in _____ ( color)and cytoplasmic RNA in _____ (color)
Kawamoto technique acridine orange green red
443
What artifacts resemble trypomastigotes or malarial stages
Elongated and degenerating platelets
444
What artifacts resemble plasmodium schizont
NRBCS
445
What artifacts resemble amastigotes of leishmania or T. cruzi
Yeast/ fungal elements
446
Uses capillary tube pre-coated with acridine orange which the parasites' DNA takes up
Quantitative buffy coat (QBC)
447
QBC is pre-coated with
acridine orange
448
Type of microscope used in QBC and its positive color
Fluorescence microscope Brilliant green
449
QBC is useful in demonstration of malarial parasites, microfilariae, trypomastigotes and babesia True or False?
True
450
Concentration technique in blood specimen is useful in
Microfilaremia - microfilaria in blood
451
2 types of concentration technique in blood spx
Knott's concentration Membrane filtration
452
Knott's concentration uses how many ml of blood?mixed with?
1 ml of blood mixed with 10 ml of 2% formalin followed by centrifugation
453
Sediments in Knott's concentration is examined as a ____ or ____
Wet mount or stained smear
454
Membrane filtration uses how many ml of blood?lysed with?size of membrane filter?
1ml of blood, lysed with 10 ml of distilled water in a syringe with a 5 um membrane filter attached
455
Spx that is stat in parasitology
Blood and CSF
456
Spx for demonstration of Naegleria and Acanthamoeba trophozoites,trypomastigotes and cysticerci (T. solium larvae)
CSF
457
Spx used to detect T. vaginalis trophozoites,S. haematobium ova, rarely W. bancrofti microfilariae
Urogenital tract specimen
458
W. bancrofti usually found in ____ It may produce ____ urine
Hydrocele -swelling in the scrotum Chyluric/Milky urine
459
Spx used for demonstration of P. westermani ova, migrating helminth larvae, E. histolytica trophozoites, and P. jirovecci
Sputum or BAL
460
In immunodiagbostic test, it is for detecting current infection Antigen/Antibody/LFA/EIA?
Antigen detection
461
In immunodiagbostic test, it is for detecting past/chronic Antigen/Antibody/LFA/EIA?
Antibody detection
462
Immmunodiagnostic test in which antibody is fluorescent labelled
DFA
463
Immmunodiagnostic test in which AHG is fluoresecent labelled
IFA
464
Preparation for SFDT
Px sample + Live T. gondii --> incubate --> Add Methylene Blue --> Microscopic exam
465
(+) T. gondii in SFDT
Remain unstained - looses affinity to methylene blue when incubate and distorted
466
Preparationf for COPT
Px serum + Live schistosoma eggs --> incubate --> Microscopic exam
467
(+) result for COPT
Formation of blebs or separate precipitate around the eggs
468
Meaning of COPT
Circumoval precipitin test
469
Assay format and specimen used for: E. histolytica G. lamblia C. parvum
LFA,DFA,EIA Stool
470
Assay format and specimen used for: T. vaginalis
LFA, DFA Vaginal Swab
471
Assay format and specimen used for: Plasmodium spp P. falciparum
LFA Blood
472
Target antigen in plasmodium spp for antigen detection
Parasite LDH
473
Target antigen for P. falciparum for antigen detection
HRP-2 (Histidine Rich Protein-2)
474
Assay format and specimen used for: Leishmania spp.
IFA,EIA,CF Serum
475
Assay format and specimen used for: T. cruzi
IFA,EIA,CF,IB Serum
476
Assay format and specimen used for: (in abs detection) Plasmodium spp
IFA Serum
477
Assay format and specimen used for: T. gondii
IFA,EIA, SFDT Serum/ CSF
478
Assay format and specimen used for: W. bancrofti
EIA Serum
479
Assay format and specimen used for: T. spiralis
EIA, BF Serum
480
Assay format and specimen used for: Schistosoma spp
EIA,IB,COPT Serum
481
Assay format and specimen used for: T. solium (cysticercosis)
EIA,IB Serum/ CSF
482
Assay format and specimen used for: E. granulosus
EIA, IB, IHA, IFA Serum/CSF
483
Molecular diagnostic which is highly sensitive and specific
PCR
484
Principle of PCR
NAATs (Nucleic Acid Amlification Test)
485
2 Types of PCR
Conventional PCR Real time PCR
486
Involves detection of amplicons using gel electrophoresis
Conventional PCR
487
Real time PCR is AKA
qPCR (Quantitative PCR)
488
Uses fluorophores to enable detection of amplicons as they are produced
RT-PCR
489
Fluorophores used in RT-PCT
SYBR Green Taq Man
490
Common target in PCR
rDNA
491
Steps in PCR
Denaturation Annealing Extension/Elongation (DAE)
492
Separation of template DNA to single strands; Break hydrogen bonds
Denaturation
493
°C for denaturation
94 °C
494
Binding of primers specific for each target strand sequence
Annealing
495
°C for Annealing
50-65 °C
496
Have reverse and forward primer
Annealing
497
Addition of deoxyribonucleotides to produce new strands
Extension/Elongation
498
°C for Extension/Elongation in PCR
72 °C
499
Heat stable; from thermophilic bacteria
Taq polymerase
500
Only atrial amebae, does not have cysts, exist in trophozoite, ingest WBCS
Entamoeba gingivalis
501
Only pathogenic amoeba, can lyse tissue, hematophacous
E. histolytica
502
Amoeba are mostly found in the
Intestine
503
Identical to E. histolytica, not capable of ingesting rbc
E. dispar/ E. moshkovski/E. bangladeshi
504
Small race of E. histolytica
E. hartmanni
505
Smallest intestinal amoeba
E. hartmanni Endolimax nana
506
Amoeba which has 8 nuclei in its mature cysts
Entamoeba coli
507
Cross-eyed cyst, small/dwarf intestinal slug
Endolimax nana
508
Entamoeba which has 1 nucleus, large iodophilic mass/glycogen vacuole
Iodamoeba butschlii
509
Entamoeba which has 1 nucleus, non-iodophilic mass, parasite of pigs and monkeys
Entamoeba polecki
510
* Difference between E. histolytica and E. polecki
E. histolytica - 4 nucleus E. polecki - 1 nucleus
511
Entamoeba cysts which has 1-4 nucleus ; its chromatoidal bodies is described as cigar-shaped
E. histolytica E. dispar/E. moshkovski/E. bangladeshi E. hartmanni
512
Entamoeba cysts which has 1-8 nucleus and its chromatoidal bodies is characterized as broom stick-splinter-like with pointed or rough ends
Entamoeba coli
513
Entamoeba cysts;4 nucleus; small,spherical,oval
E. nana
514
Hallmark of E. histolytica
Ingested rbcs
515
Entamoeba trophozoites; basket nucleus
Iodamoeba butschlii
516
2 Types of pathology in Amoebiasis
Intestinal Amebiasis Extraintestinal Amebiasis/ Tissue Abscess
517
Intestinal Amebiasis can be
Acute/Symptomatic Chronic/ Asymptomatic Amoeboma Amoebic ulcers
518
Cause amebic dysentery Acute /Chronic?
Acute
519
Incubation period is ___ days; presents with bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain
Acute amebiasis 2-5 days
520
Cardinal sign of dysentery
Bloody diarrhea Abdominal pain
521
Type of amoebiasis in which patients are considered as cyst passers/carriers; stool is soft to well-formed
Chronic
522
Carcinoma like or mass of granulomatous tissue in the intestine
Amoeboma
523
Flask-shaped ulcers due to hyaluronidase
Amoebic ulcers
524
Most common site in extraintestinal amebiasis
Liver (hepatic abcess)
525
Why does the liver is the most common site in extraintestinal amebiasis?
Proximity to large intestines
526
4 Examples of Free-Living Amoebae
N. flowleri Acanthamoeba spp. Balamuthia mandrillaris Sappinia spp
527
N. fowleri is AKA
Amoeboflagellate
528
Trophozoite stage can transform into a flagellate stage or a resistant cyst; Biphasic
N. fowleri
529
Opportunistic free-living amoebae which include A. castellani, A. culbertsoni, A. polyphaga,A. hatchetti, A. rhysodes
Acanthamoeba spp
530
Morphologically similar to Acanthamoeba; Cyst= trilayered Trop=finger like pseudopods
Balamuthia mandrillaris
531
Rare cause of meningoencephalitis
Sappinia spp.
532
Not present in tissue,small,uninucleate,double- walled with smooth outer wall
N. fowleri cyst
533
* Present in tissue,large,uninucleate, double-walled with wrinkled-outer wall -Ectocyst is wrinkled
Acanthamoeba spp cyst
534
2 biphasic form of N. fowleri
Amoeboid form Flagellate form
535
Form of N. fowleri which has lobate pseudopods (lobopods)
Amoeboid form
536
Form of N. fowleri which has 2 anterior flagella
Flagellate form
537
Rapidly motile N. fowleri/ Acanthamoeba spp?
N. fowleri
538
Slowly motile N. fowleri/ Acanthamoeba spp?
Acanthamoeba spp
539
Characterized by spiny/filiform pseudopods (acanthopods); No flagellate form
Acanthamoeba spp
540
It cause PAM(Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis) acute N. fowleri/ Acanthamoeba spp?
N. fowleri
541
It cause GAE (Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis) chronic , keratitis, skin lesion N. fowleri/ Acanthamoeba spp?
Acanthamoeba spp
542
Diagnostic stage of N. fowleri Cyst/ Trop?
Trophozoites (amoeboid/flagellate)
543
Diagnostic stage of Acanthamoeba spp Cyst/ Trop?
Cyst & Trophozoites
544
G. lamblia is AKA
G. duodenale
545
4 nuclei, parabasal bodies, remnants of flagella
G. lamblia
546
1 nucleus (lemon, nipple cyst), cytostome with curved fibril referred to as "shephered's crook fibril"
C. mesnili
547
2 or 4 nucleus, bipolar arrangement of nuclei, resembles E. nana cyst
E. hominis
548
E. hominis resemble
E. nana cyst
549
1 nucleus, cystostome extends above the nucleus " bird's beak"
R. intestinalis
550
G. lamblia is found in small/large intestine?
Small intestine
551
It is considered as atrial flagellates and have no cyst
P. hominis T. tenax T. vaginalis
552
Is is known as "old man with eyeglasses"
G. lamblia
553
2 nuclei, 8 flagella, prominents sucking disc and axostyle, * only bilaterally symmetrical
G. lamblia
554
Motility of G. lamblia
Falling leaf-like
555
How many is the flagella of G. lamblia?
8 Flagella
556
C. mesnili, E. hominis, R. intestinalis, D fragilis. P. hominis is found in the: small/ large intestine?
Large intestine
557
1 nuclei, 3 anterior flagella & 1 fibril,prominent cytostome with spiral groove
C. mesnili
558
Motility of C. mesnili
Cork-Screw/ Spiral
559
How many is the flagella of C. mensnili
3 Anterior flagella
560
1 nuclei, 4 flagella, one side of the body is flattened
E. hominis
561
Motility of E. hominis
Jerky
562
How many is the flagella of E. hominis
4 flagella = 3 Anterior flagella 1 Posterior flagella
563
1 nuclei, 2 flagella; cytostome extends 1/2 of the length of the body
R. intestinalis
564
Motility of R. intestinalis
Jerky
565
How many flagella of R. intestinalis
2 Flagella = 1 anterior flagella 1 posterior flagella
566
1 or 2 nuclei , no flagella, multiple hyaline,leaf-like pseudopods, fragmented tetrakaryosome
D. fragilis
567
1 nuclei, 5 flagella, undulating membrane; axostyle extends beyond the organism's body, cytoplasmic granules
P. hominis T. tenax T. vaginalis
568
Motility of D. fragilis
Amoeboid
569
Motility of P. hominis, T. tenax, T. vaginalis
Rapid, jerky, tumbling
570
How many is the flagella of T. vaginalis
5 flagella = 4 Anterior flagella 1 Posterior flagella
571
T. tenax is found in: Vagina/ Urogenital/ small intestine/ large /intestine/mouth?
Mouth
572
T. vaginalis is found in Mouth/ Intestine/ Urogenital tract?
Urogenital tract
573
Longest undulating membrane; have axostyle extend beyond the body ; as long as costa
Pentatrichomonads hominis/ P. hominis
574
Undulating membrane is almost as long as costa
T. tenax
575
Undulating membrane is 1/2 or 2/3 of costa; shortest undulating membrane
T. vaginalis
576
What are the trichomonads parasite?
P. hominis T. tenax T. vaginalis
577
Cause traveler's diarrhea and has been associated with homosexual men with gay bowel syndrome; pathogenic
G. lamblia
578
G. lamblia use what type of test?
Entero test
579
Intermittent diarrhea,nausea,vomiting, abdominal pain; pathogenicity depends on parasite loads
D. fragilis
580
Diagnostic technique for D. fragilis
Trichrome stain
581
Cause non-specific vaginitis,urethritis, or prostatitis, foul smelling discharge (mucopurelent);always pathogenic
T. vaginalis
582
Gold standard medium for T. vaginalis
Diamond's medium
583
Categorized as Hemoflagellates
Leishmania spp Trypanosoma brucei complex (T. b gambiense, T. b. rhodisiense) T. cruzi
584
What parasite? Skin inoculation of promastigote by sand flies
Leishmania spp
585
Parasite involves in Phlebotomus fly
Leishmania spp
586
Parasite involve in Lutsomyia fly
Leishmania spp
587
Diagnostic stage of Leishmania spp or in Man
Amastigote (intracellular replication form)
588
What parasite? Skin inoculation of metacyclic trypomastigote by Tse-tse flies
Trypanosoma brucei complex
589
Diagnostic stage of T. brucei complex
Trypomastigote (extracellular)
590
What genus is involve in Tse-tse fly?
Glossina spp
591
What parasite? Indirect inoculation of metacyclic trypomastigote from feces of reduviid/Triatomine bug/ Kissing bug?
T. cruzi
592
Vector involve in T. cruzi?
Reduviid Triatomine Kissing bug
593
Diagnosic stage of T. cruzi
Amastigote & Trypomastigote
594
Developmental stage of Hemoflagellate
Promastigote Amastigote Metacylic Trypomastigote Epimastigote Trypomastigote (PAMET)
595
Infective stage in sandflies/ Leishmania?
Promastigote
596
Culture medium used to grow Leishmania
Novy-MacNeal-Nicolle (NNN) or Schneider's Orosophilia medium
597
Infective stage of T. cruzi and T. brucei
Metacylic trypomastigote
598
Occurs in vectors; short undulating membrane P/A/M/E/T?
Epimastigote
599
Full undulating membrane due to kinetoplast; diagnostic stage in man; C,S, or U shaped in stain thick blood fim
Trypomastigote
600
What is the life cycle of Leishmania spp
Promastigote (infective stage-sand fly) --> Amastigote (diagnostic stage-man)
601
What is the life cycle of T. brucei
Metacyclic Trypomastigote (infective stage is in the tse-tse fly; infective form is in the salive) ---> Trypomastigote (diagnostic stage in man) --> Epimastigote (Tsetse fly) ---> Metacyclic Trypomasigote (MET)
602
What is the life cycle of T. cruzi?
Metacyclic trypomastigote (IS) -->Amastigote (DS in man) --->Trypomastigote (DS in man) --> Epimastigote (hindgut) ---> Metacylic trypomastigote (AMET)
603
3 classification of Leishmaniasis
Cutaneous Muco-cutaneous Visceral
604
Other term for Old World CL
Oriental sore Delhi ulcer Aleppo boil Baghdad boil
605
Other term for New World CL
Chiclero's ulcer site: earlobe
606
Other term for Old World VL
Dumdum fever Black fever * Kala-azar
607
Darkening of the skin; vector: sandfly
Kala-azar
608
Agent of old world CL
L. tropica L. major
609
Agent of new world CL
L. mexicana (transmitted by Lutzomyia fly)
610
Skin lesions with elevated margins that leave ugly scars on healing
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
611
Specimen for diagnosis in CL
Skin biopsy
612
Cause espundia or tapir nose
Muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis
613
Causative agent of Muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis
L. braziliensis
614
Leprosy-like cutaneous lesions that spread to the mucous membranes
Muco-cutaneous Leishmaniasis
615
Spx for diagnosis of Muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis
Skin and Mucosal biopsy
616
Old world VL
L. donovani
617
New world VL
L. chagasi
618
Fever, organomegaly, ascites,anemia, hyperpigmentation of the skin
Visceral Leishmaniasis
619
Spx for diagnosis in VL
Tissues aspirate Biopsy
620
African Trypanosomiasis is AKA
Sleeping sickness
621
Causative agent of West African Trypanosomiasis
T. b. gambiense (chronic)
622
Causative agent of East African Trypanosomiasis
T.b. rhodesiense (acute)
623
3 Manifestation of Sleeping sickness
1. Trypanosome chancre - lesion on the bite site 2. Hemolymphatic stage - febrile stage or cervical lymphanopathy (Winterbottom's sign) 3. Meningoencephalitic or sleeping stage - somnolence (daytime sleepiness), coma, death
624
Causa Winterbottom's sign
African trypanosomiasis
625
Spx for diagnosis in sleeping sickness
Blood Lymph node aspirate CSF
626
New World or American Trypanosomiasis is AKA
Chagas disease
627
Causative agent of Chagas disease
T. cruzi
628
Causative agent of New World or American Trypanosomiasis
T. cruzi
629
Lesions at the inoculation site of Chagas disease
Romania - swelling around the eyes (orbital edema) Chagoma -swelling at other sites
630
Largest intestinal protozoan
B. coli
631
Common parasite of pigs (zoonotic)
B. coli
632
B. coli is a ciliate/apicomplexa/sarcomastigophora?
Ciliate
633
Habitat of B. coli
Large intestine
634
MOT of B. coli is: Ingestion of ____ Sarcocysts/spores/oocysts/cysts?
Cysts
635
Immediately infective in C. parvum cysts/oocyst/sarcocyst?
oocysts
636
Cause cryptosporidiosis
C. parvum
637
C. parvum, C. beli, C. cayetanensis,S. hominis,S. suihominis,S. lindemanni is classified as: Ciliate/ Microscoporidians/ Apicomplexans/Stramenophiles?
Apicomplexans
638
Cause cytoisosporiasis
C. beli
639
Cause cyclosporiasis
C. cayetanensis
640
MOT of C. parvum, C. beli, C. cayetanensis Ingestion of _____ Mature oocysts/Immature oocysts/cysts/spores
Mature oocysts
641
MOT of S. hominis Ingestion of _____ from undercooked meat sporocysts/sarcocysts/spores/ cyst?
Sarcocysts
642
Cause intestinal sarcocystosis
S. hominis
643
Habitat of S. lindemanni
Muscle
644
Definitive host and intermediate host of S. lindemanni
DH: Dog and Cat IH:Man serve as dead-end intermediate host
645
Cause tissue sarcocystis
S. lindemanni
646
Blastocystis hominis is considered? Thermophiles/Aerophiles/Stramenophiles
Stramenophiles
647
MOT of S. lindemanni Accidental ingestion of ___ Thick walled cyst/ mature oocyst/ spores?
Mature oocyst
648
E. intestinalis and E. bieneusi is considered
Microscoporidians
649
MOT of E. intestinalis and E. bieneusi Ingestion or inhalation of ___ Cysts/ spores/ oocyst
Spores
650
Cytopyge of B. coli trophozoite serve as?
Anus
651
C. parvum is considered? modified acid fast/modified acid fast variable? what color?
Modified acid fast Pink to red
652
Diagnostic stage of C. beli and C. cayetanensis
Immature oocyst
653
Infective stage of C. beli and C. cayetanensis
Mature oocyst
654
C. beli and C. cayetanensis Modified acid fats/ Modified acid fast variable?
Modified acid fast variable
655
Cause (+) auto florescence
C. beli C. cayetanensis S. hominis
656
Color of S. homonis in autofluorescence
Bright blue
657
Nuclei of B. homis is reported atleast
≥ 5/hpf
658
Type of microscope used in Microscoporidia
Electron microscope
659
Stain used in Microscoporidia what color?
1. Modified trichrome - pink to red or diagonal stripe 2. Calcofluor white - bluish white fluorescence
660
Formation of oocyst from the union
Sporogonony
661
DH of malarial parasites
Female anopheles mosquito
662
IH of malarial parasites
Man or other vertebrae
663
Formation of schizonts
Schizogony/Merozogony
664
Formation of gametocytes
Gametozogony
665
Sleeping or dorminant; When activated can cause relapse or malarial symptoms
Hypnozoites
666
3 cycle in Malarial parasites
Exo-erythrocytic cycle Erythrocytic cycle Sporogonic cycle
667
Exo-erythrocytic cycle happens in
Liver(hepatic)
668
Mosquito takes a blood meal( injects ______)
sporozoites
669
Mosquito takes a blood meal ( ingests ______)
gametocytes
670
Infective stage of malarial parasites
sporozoites
671
Diagnostic stage of malarial parasites
Immature trophozoite (ring stage) Mature trophozoite Gametocytes
672
Explain the life cycle of Malarial parasites
-Mosquito injects sporozoites (IS) -Hypnozoites (when activated , cause relapse malarial symptoms) Exo-erythrocytic cycle: -Infect the liver cell -Schizont -Ruptures schizont (Merozoites) Erythrocytic cycle: -Human blood stages -Immature trophozoites (ring stage)--> Gametocyctes = P. falciparum) -Immature trophozoites --> Mature trophozoites--> schizont-->.ruptured schizont --> gametocyctes (P. vivax,P.ovale.P.malariae) Sporogonic cycle: -Mosquito injest gametocyctes -Microgametocyte entering the Macrogametocyte -Ookinete (zygote) -Oocyst -Release of sporozoites
673
Age of RBC infected: P. falciparum: P. vivax: P.ovale: P.malariae:
P. falciparum: All ages P. vivax: Young rbc P.ovale: Young rbc P.malariae: Mature rbc
674
Appearance of parasitized rbc: P. falciparum: P. vivax: P.ovale: P.malariae:
P. falciparum: Normal,multiple infection of rbc, 8 ring forms P. vivax: Larger than normal P.ovale: Larger than normal; fimbriated edges P.malariae: Normal in size or shape or maybe slightly smaller
675
RBC stippling in malaria, using Giemsa stain: P. falciparum: P. vivax: P.ovale: P.malariae:
P. falciparum: MAurer's dots P. vivax: Schuffner's dots P.ovale: Schuffner's dots/ James's dots P.malariae: Ziemann's dots
676
Stages in the peripheral blood : P. falciparum: P. vivax: P.ovale: P.malariae:
P. falciparum: Ring, Gametocytes P. vivax, P.ovale, P.malariae : Ring, Mature trophozoites, Schizonts, Gametocytes
677
Length of erythrocytic cycle: P. falciparum: P. vivax: P.ovale: P.malariae:
P. falciparum: 36-48 hrs P. vivax: 48 hrs P.ovale: 48 hrs P.malariae: 72 hrs
678
Shortest erythrocyctic cycle in malaria
P. falciparum
679
Longest erythrocytic cycle in malaria
P. malariae
680
Disease caused: P. falciparum: P. vivax: P.ovale: P.malariae:
P. falciparum: Malignant tertian malaria P. vivax: Benign tertian malaria P.ovale: Ovale tertian malaria P.malariae: Quartan malaria
681
Most fatal form of malaria
P. falciparum
682
Rarely found in the peripheral blood of P. falciparum because they are sequestered in the deep vasculature (small blood vessels of internal organs) where schizogony occurs
Mature trophozoites Schizonts
683
Developmental stage of malaria: *multiple infection of rbc up to 8 per cell *Double chromatin dots -Applique/ accole form/ marginal
Young trophozoites of P. falciparum
684
Developmental stage of malaria: -RBC are oval in shape -Ringform is dense and compact
Young trophozoite in P. ovale
685
Malarial parasites that has band form
P. malariae
686
Malarial parasites that has fimbriated rbc
P. ovale
687
In what stage does stippling of malarial parasites start to appear
Mature trophozoites
688
32 merozoites
P. falciparum
689
12-24 merozoites
P. vivax
690
8-12 merozoites
P. ovale
691
* Malarial parasites arrange in rossette or daisy formation or fruit pie arrangement
P. malariae
692
6-12 merozoites
P. malariae
693
Microgametocytes: Sausage shape, scattered chromatin
P. falciparum
694
Macrogametocytes: Crescent shape with pointed ends, central chromatin mass
P. falciparum
695
Microgametocytes: Central chromatin mass
P. vivax. P. ovale. P. malariae
696
Macrogametocytes: Peripheral chromatin mass, round/ oval
P. vivax. P. ovale, P. malariae
697
Sausage shape, scattered chromatin in P. falciparum Macrogametocytes/ Microgametocytes?
Microgametocytes
698
Crescent shape with pointed ends, central chromatin mass Macrogametocytes/ Microgametocytes?
Macrogametocytes
699
Central chromatin mass in P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae Macrogametocytes/ Microgametocytes?
Microgametocytes
700
Peripheral chromatin mass in P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae Macrogametocytes/ Microgametocytes?
Macrogametocytes
701
Incubation period of Malaria
8-40 days
702
Classical sign and characterized by chills, fever, and profuse sweating
Paroxysm
703
Periodicity of malaria is determine by
length of the erythrocytic cycle/ recurrence of paroxysm
704
Periodicity of P. knowlesi
Quotidian - every 24 hrs
705
Periodicity of P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale
Tertian malaria - every 48 hrs
706
Periodicity of P. malariae
Quartan- every 72 hrs
707
What type of Malarial parasites: Manifestation:Intravascular hemolysis leading to Black water fever, anemia, cerebral malaria
P. falciparum
708
Black water fever
P. falciparum
709
Relapse may occur with ______ infections due to reactivation of ____ in the liver
P. vivax P. ovale Hypnozoites
710
What type of malarial parasites? Sickle cell trait has resistance to
P. falciparum
711
Blood type group that has resistance to P. vivax
Duffy- negative blood group - common among blacks
712
5th human malaria
P. knowlesi
713
Causative agent of Simian malaria
P. knowlesi
714
Type of malaria that parasitize monkey
Simian malaria
715
P. knowlesi: Young forms resemble___ Mature forms resemble ___
P. falciparum P. malariae
716
Common encountered Babesia
B. microti
717
Intraerythrocytic parasites that resembles plasmodium spp
Babesia spp
718
T. gondii _____ are resistant to freezing, drying and extreme environmental conditions but are killed by heating to _____°C for ___ mins
Oocysts 70°C 10 mins
719
Babesia spp DH: IH:
DH:Ticks (Ixodes) IH: Rodents ; Man -accidental IH
720
T. gondii DH: IH:
DH: Cat IH: Rodents & Bird ; Man- accidental IH
721
Babesia spp Skin inoculation of ______ by ticks
sporozoites
722
T. gondii Ingestion of _____ from infected meat Ingestion of ____ from cat's feces
tissue cysts oocysts
723
Pear shaped ring forms, tetrads(maltese cross)
Babesia spp
724
Hallmark of babesiosis
Maltese cross
725
The rapidly dividing form of T. gondii that causes acute infections.
Tachyzoites
726
The slowly growing form of T. gondii that causes chronic infections.
Bradyzoites
727
Babesiosis is AKA
Piroplasmosis
728
Babesiosis in cattle can cause
Red water fever
729
Most frequent parasite in urine
T. vaginalis

RMT (3 decks)

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